Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. Though internationally known for his marriage to American actress Grace Kelly, he was also responsible for reforms to Monaco's constitution and for expanding the principality's economy beyond its traditional casino gambling base. Gambling accounts for only approximately three percent of the nation's annual revenue today; when Rainier ascended the throne in 1949, it accounted for more than 95 percent. Rainier
Names of the Qing dynasty century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan ("Aisin" being Manchu for the Chinese ("jīn", "gold")). The dynasty became known as the "Later Jin dynasty" by historians. His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty "Great Qing" in 1636, which entered China proper in 1644. The name "Great Qing" first appeared in 1636. There are competing explanations on the meaning of "Qīng" (lit. "clear" or "pure"). The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (), which is composed of elements "sun" () and "moon" (), both associated with the fire element of