Exsanguination incapacitate swine, poultry and domestic sheep, whereas a chemical is used for injured livestock. Continued pumping operation of the heart during exsanguination increases the rate of depletion, and thus hastens death, by raising the fluid pressure of the blood. Because the heart operates like a positive displacement pump, reduction of blood volume will not affect efficiency of cardiac output—deprivation of blood to the heart does gradually result in diminished function, but concurrently with similar death of other parts in the body. Quickly after the animal is incapacitated it is hung upside down by its hind limbs and an extremely sharp
Volume of fluid method equations describing the motion of the flow have to be solved separately. The same applies for all other advection algorithms. The volume of fluid method is based on earlier Marker-and-cell (MAC) methods. First accounts of what is now known as VOF have been given by Noh & Woodward in 1976, where fraction function formula_1 (see below) appeared, although the first publication in a Journal was by Hirt and Nichols in 1981. Since VOF method surpassed MAC by lowering computer storage requirements, it quickly became popular. Early applications include Torrey et al. from Los Alamos, who created VOF codes for NASA