Coronation of the French monarch of the nobility acted as representatives of the ancient lay peerages. Spiritual peers were also represented if their see is vacant or they are unable to attend (such as the bishops of Langres, Noyon and Beauvais, who were enemies of Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War). Since 987, the kings of France were all crowned in Reims Cathedral, with the exception of Hugh Capet, Robert II, Louis VI, John I, Henry IV and Louis XVIII. In July 3, 987, Hugh Capet was crowned King of France in the cathedral of Noyon. This marks the end of the Carolingian dynasty.
French Left controlling French social and cultural life) all of which remain distinctive features of the French Left. Most practicing Catholics continue to vote conservative while areas which were receptive to the revolution in 1789 continue to vote socialist. Paris was throughout the 19th century the permanent theater of insurrectionary movements and headquarters of European revolutionaries. Following the French Revolution of 1789 and the First French Empire, the former royal family returned to power in the Bourbon Restoration. The Restoration was dominated by the Counter-revolutionaries who refused all inheritance of the Revolution and aimed at re-establishing the divine right of kings. The