Muzzle velocity design. In a side by side comparison with the .50 BMG, the titanium round "of any caliber" released almost 28 times the energy of the .50 BMG, with only a 27% mean loss in momentum. Energy, in most cases, is what is lethal to the target, not momentum. In conventional guns, muzzle velocity is determined by the quantity of the propellant (burn speed, expansion), the mass of the projectile, and the length of the barrel. A slower-burning propellant needs a longer barrel to burn completely, but can, on the other hand, use a heavier projectile. A faster-burning propellant may accelerate
Thermal velocity Boltzmann constant, formula_2 is the temperature, and formula_3 is the mass of a particle, then we can write the different thermal velocities: If formula_4 is defined as the root mean square of the velocity in any one dimension (i.e. any single direction), then If formula_4 is defined as the mean of the magnitude of the velocity in any one dimension (i.e. any single direction), then If formula_4 is defined as the most probable speed, then If formula_4 is defined as the root mean square of the total velocity (in three dimensions), then If formula_4 is defined as the mean of