Coronation of the French monarch of the nobility acted as representatives of the ancient lay peerages. Spiritual peers were also represented if their see is vacant or they are unable to attend (such as the bishops of Langres, Noyon and Beauvais, who were enemies of Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War). Since 987, the kings of France were all crowned in Reims Cathedral, with the exception of Hugh Capet, Robert II, Louis VI, John I, Henry IV and Louis XVIII. In July 3, 987, Hugh Capet was crowned King of France in the cathedral of Noyon. This marks the end of the Carolingian dynasty.
Shockwave (Six Flags Great America) world record was six on Vortex at Kings Island, which opened the year before. A year after Shockwave opened, The Great American Scream Machine debuted at Six Flags Great Adventure; this coaster had exactly the same layout that Shockwave had, but was three feet taller and had a top speed of . A year later in 1990, Viper opened at Six Flags Magic Mountain and set the records for tallest (188 feet tall) and fastest () looping coaster. All three coasters were designed by Arrow Dynamics, and all three had the same inversions in the same order. Shockwave was plagued