Structure of the Earth the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes. The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers. The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism. Likewise, reflections are caused by a large
The Future and Its Enemies Edward Younkins, a professor at Wheeling Jesuit University, wrote for the journal "Free Life" praising the book as a "brilliant, bold, and compelling new work". He also referred to it as "a must-read for anyone interested in commerce, technology, public policy, and the search for truth in a dynamic world." The Future and Its Enemies The Future and Its Enemies: The Growing Conflict Over Creativity, Enterprise, and Progress is a 1998 book by Virginia Postrel where she describes the growing conflict in post-Cold War society between "dynamism" – marked by constant change, creativity and exploration in the pursuit of progress