Verbal language in dreams "dream work" proper. The dream-like features which one experiences in dreams, such as condensations, displacements (symbolism), and reversals, are the manifestations of the primary-process input to the dream generation process. Yet the dreams of Freud's own and those of his patients, which he provides in "The Interpretation of Dreams" and elsewhere, typically abound in verbal dialogue, which is always syntactically well-formed, often complex (containing subordinate clauses) and usually, though not always, semantically well-formed and appropriate to the context of the dream. As an example, Heynick cites, among others, the "dream of Irma's injection, which Freud himself considered to be of
Dream interpretation treatise on dreams, in which he was the first to distinguish between dream interpretation and the nature and causes of dreams. In "The Canon of Medicine", Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments to encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams." Ibn Khaldun's "Muqaddimah" (1377) states that "confused dreams" are "pictures of the imagination that are stored inside by perception and to which the ability to think is applied, after (man) has retired from sense perception." Ibn Shaheen states: Interpretations change their foundations according to the different conditions of the seer (of the vision),so seeing handcuffs during