Mass in special relativity what causes these particles to be termed "massless." However, even massless particles have a relativistic mass, which varies with their observed energy in various frames of reference, The invariant mass is the ratio of four-momentum (the four-dimensional generalization of classical momentum) to four-velocity: and is also the ratio of four-acceleration to four-force when the rest mass is constant. The four-dimensional form of Newton's second law is: The relativistic expressions for "E" and "p" obey the relativistic energy–momentum relation: where the m is the rest mass, or the invariant mass for systems, and "E" is the total energy. The equation is
Mass–energy equivalence the velocity is small, the relativistic mass and the rest mass are almost exactly the same. Also Einstein (following Hendrik Lorentz and Max Abraham) used velocity- and direction-dependent mass concepts () in his 1905 electrodynamics paper and in another paper in 1906. However, in his first paper on (1905), he treated as what would now be called the "rest mass". Some claim that (in later years) he did not like the idea of "relativistic mass". When modern physicists say "mass", they are usually talking about rest mass, since if they meant "relativistic mass", they would just say "energy". Considerable debate