English claims to the French throne crowned at Reims and begun to push the English out of northern France. In 1435, an end to the French civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs allowed Charles to return to Paris the following year, and by 1453 the English had been driven out of their last strongholds in Normandy and Guyenne. The only French territory left to the English was Calais which they held until 1558. Nonetheless the kings and queens of England (and, later, of Great Britain) continued to claim the French throne for centuries, through the early modern period. The words "of France" was prominently included among
Four Crowned Martyrs Four Crowned Martyrs The designation Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, "Sancti Quatuor Coronati") refers to nine individuals venerated as martyrs and saints in the Catholic Church. The nine saints are divided into two groups: According to the "Golden Legend", the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed." They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom). Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were