Muzzle velocity design. In a side by side comparison with the .50 BMG, the titanium round "of any caliber" released almost 28 times the energy of the .50 BMG, with only a 27% mean loss in momentum. Energy, in most cases, is what is lethal to the target, not momentum. In conventional guns, muzzle velocity is determined by the quantity of the propellant (burn speed, expansion), the mass of the projectile, and the length of the barrel. A slower-burning propellant needs a longer barrel to burn completely, but can, on the other hand, use a heavier projectile. A faster-burning propellant may accelerate
Chirp mass terms of other common mass parameters: where formula_7 is the total mass of the system, formula_8 is the reduced mass of the system, formula_9 is the mass ratio, and formula_10 is the symmetric mass ratio. In general relativity, the phase evolution of a binary orbit can be computed using a post-Newtonian expansion, a perturbative expansion in powers of the orbital velocity formula_11. The first order gravitational wave frequency, formula_12, evolution is described by the differential equation where formula_14 and formula_15 are the speed of light and Newton's gravitational constant, respectively. Integrating equation () with respect to time gives: where C