Mitral valve stenosis secondary to mitral stenosis is severe, the P (pulmonic) component of the second heart sound (S) will become loud. An opening snap that is a high-pitch additional sound may be heard after the A (aortic) component of the second heart sound (S), which correlates to the forceful opening of the mitral valve. The mitral valve opens when the pressure in the left atrium is greater than the pressure in the left ventricle. This happens in ventricular diastole (after closure of the aortic valve), when the pressure in the ventricle precipitously drops. In individuals with mitral stenosis, the pressure in the
Mitral insufficiency broad, notched P waves in several or many leads with a prominent late negative component to the P wave in lead V, and may be seen in MI, but also in mitral stenosis, and, potentially, any cause of overload of the left atrium. Thus, "P-sinistrocardiale" may be a more appropriate term. The degree of severity of MR can be quantified by the regurgitant fraction, which is the percentage of the left ventricular stroke volume that regurgitates into the left atrium. where V and V are, respectively, the volumes of blood that flow forward through the mitral valve and aortic valve