Coronation of the French monarch of the nobility acted as representatives of the ancient lay peerages. Spiritual peers were also represented if their see is vacant or they are unable to attend (such as the bishops of Langres, Noyon and Beauvais, who were enemies of Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War). Since 987, the kings of France were all crowned in Reims Cathedral, with the exception of Hugh Capet, Robert II, Louis VI, John I, Henry IV and Louis XVIII. In July 3, 987, Hugh Capet was crowned King of France in the cathedral of Noyon. This marks the end of the Carolingian dynasty.
Four Crowned Martyrs Four Crowned Martyrs The designation Four Crowned Martyrs or Four Holy Crowned Ones (Latin, "Sancti Quatuor Coronati") refers to nine individuals venerated as martyrs and saints in the Catholic Church. The nine saints are divided into two groups: According to the "Golden Legend", the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed." They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown of martyrdom). Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were