18th-century London force. Penalties for crime were harsh, with the death penalty being applied for fairly minor crimes. Public hangings were common in London, and were popular public events. In 1780, London was rocked by the Gordon Riots, an uprising by Protestants against Roman Catholic emancipation led by Lord George Gordon. Severe damage was caused to Catholic churches and homes, and 285 rioters were killed. 18th-century London The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London, reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings of the Industrial Revolution, and London's role at the centre of the evolving British Empire. In
Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46 in September 1945. A number of Jews was murdered in Kolbasov in December. Reportedly 13 anti-Jewish incidents called "partisan pogroms" took place 1–5 August 1946, the biggest one in Žilina, where 15 people were wounded. Anti-Semitic manifestations took place in Bratislava in August 1946 and in August 1948 including anti-Jewish riots in several other locations. In Kiev, Ukraine on September 4–7, 1945, around one hundred Jews were beaten, of whom thirty-six were hospitalized and five died of wounds. In Rubtsovsk, Russia a number of anti-Semitic incidents took place in 1945. Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46 The anti-Jewish