Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire or experiment and have the status only of speculation. Eysenck argues that the veracity of psychoanalysis is testable through traditional empirical means, and that in all areas where such tests have been carried out it has failed. Eysenck calls Freud, "a genius, not of science, but of propaganda, not of rigorous proof, but of persuasion, not of the design of experiments, but of literary art." According to Eysenck, Freud set back the study of psychology and psychiatry by around fifty years. Eysenck argues that the dreams Freud cites in "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1899) do not really support his theories,
Dream interpretation treatise on dreams, in which he was the first to distinguish between dream interpretation and the nature and causes of dreams. In "The Canon of Medicine", Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments to encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams." Ibn Khaldun's "Muqaddimah" (1377) states that "confused dreams" are "pictures of the imagination that are stored inside by perception and to which the ability to think is applied, after (man) has retired from sense perception." Ibn Shaheen states: Interpretations change their foundations according to the different conditions of the seer (of the vision),so seeing handcuffs during