English claims to the French throne crowned at Reims and begun to push the English out of northern France. In 1435, an end to the French civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs allowed Charles to return to Paris the following year, and by 1453 the English had been driven out of their last strongholds in Normandy and Guyenne. The only French territory left to the English was Calais which they held until 1558. Nonetheless the kings and queens of England (and, later, of Great Britain) continued to claim the French throne for centuries, through the early modern period. The words "of France" was prominently included among
Black-crowned tchagra Black-crowned tchagra The black-crowned tchagra ("Tchagra senegalus") is a bushshrike. This family of passerine birds is closely related to the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, and was once included in that group. This species is found in the Arabian peninsula and most of Africa in scrub, open woodland, semi-desert and cultivation. In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the black-crowned tchagra in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen collected in Senegal. He used the French name "La pie-griesche gris du Sénégal" and the Latin "Lanius Senegalensis cinereus". Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do