Effective mass (solid-state physics) from both sides gives where is the th element of , is the th element of , and are the th and th elements of , respectively, and is the total energy of the particle according to the Planck–Einstein relation. The index is contracted by the use of Einstein notation (there is an implicit summation over ). Since Newton's second law uses the inertial mass (not the gravitational mass), we can identify the inverse of this mass in the equation above as the tensor This tensor expresses the change in group velocity due to a change in crystal momentum. Its
Molar mass water: "M"(HO) ≈ . The molar mass of atoms of an element is given by the Standard atomic weight of the element multiplied by the molar mass constant, "M" = 1 × 10 kg/mol = 1 g/mol: Multiplying by the molar mass constant ensures that the calculation is dimensionally correct: standard relative atomic masses are dimensionless quantities (i.e., pure numbers) whereas molar masses have units (in this case, grams/mole). Some elements are usually encountered as molecules, e.g. hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl). The molar mass of molecules of these elements is the molar mass of the atoms multiplied by