Sugar substitute sucralose, orange for monk fruit extract (a natural sweetener), and green for stevia (also natural). In 1969, cyclamate was banned for sale in the US by the Food and Drug Administration. In 2017, sucralose was the most common sugar substitute used in the manufacture of foods and beverages; it had 30% of the global market, which was projected to be valued at $2.8 billion by 2021. A class of sugar substitutes is known as "high-intensity sweeteners." These are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution
Proper name (philosophy) theory of proper names. Bertrand Russell was the first to propose a Descriptivist theory of names, which held that a proper name refers not to a referent, but to a set of true propositions that uniquely describe a referent - for example "Aristotle" refers to "the teacher of Alexander the Great". Rejecting descriptivism Saul Kripke and Keith Donnellan instead advanced causal-historical theories of reference which hold that names come to be associated with individual referents because social groups who links the name to its reference in a naming event (e.g. a baptism) which henceforth fixes the value of the name