Pneumatic artificial muscles conventional electric motors and hydraulic cylinders. Pneumatic artificial muscles Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are contractile or extensional devices operated by pressurized air filling a pneumatic bladder. In an approximation of human muscles, PAMs are usually grouped in pairs: one agonist and one antagonist. PAMs were first developed (under the name of "McKibben Artificial Muscles") in the 1950s for use in artificial limbs. The Bridgestone rubber company (Japan) commercialized the idea in the 1980s under the name of Rubbertuators. The retraction strength of the PAM is limited by the sum total strength of individual fibers in the woven shell. The exertion
FBI Human Resources Branch Kamerman, who appointed by FBI Director Robert Mueller in November 2010. The HRB was formed by the unification of the FBI's human resources and training units. FBI Human Resources Branch The Human Resources Branch (HRB) is a service within the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The HRB is responsible for all internal human resources needs of the FBI and for conducting the FBI Academy to train new FBI Agents. Headed by an FBI Executive Assistant Director, the HRB is responsible to the FBI Director through the Associate Director. As a unit of the FBI (which is a division of the United