Red giant the end of the thermal pulsing phase. Among the asymptotic-giant-branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge-up. The first dredge-up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red-giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic-giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars. The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply defined, contrary to
Hydrogen gas porosity concentration in the gas is measured and converted into a reading of the gas concentration in the metal. This method is fast, reproducible and accurate, and can be used “on-line” on the cast shop floor. The amount of H in the gas loop of the instrument is determined by a thermal conductivity sensor, which provides high reproducibility and a broad measurement range. Hydrogen gas porosity Hydrogen gas porosity is an aluminium casting defect under the form of a porosity or void in an aluminium casting caused by a high level of hydrogen gas (H) dissolved in the aluminium at liquid