The Spectator the ladder to high office in the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom. Past editors include Boris Johnson (1999–2005) and other former cabinet members Iain Macleod, Ian Gilmour, and Nigel Lawson. In late 2008, "Spectator Australia" was launched; the current editor is Rowan Dean. This offers 12 pages of "Unique Australian Content" (including a separate editorial page) in addition to the full UK contents. Readership of "The Spectator Australia" was revealed through a court case as being 3,000. "The Spectator"s founding editor, the Dundonian reformer Robert Stephen Rintoul, launched the paper in July 1828 with a first issue for the
The Messenger (magazine) base. They were evicted again after three years, and leased space at 2311 Seventh Avenue. It published from there until folding in 1928 from lack of funds. In addition to providing a platform for African-American literature, "The Messenger" published much political writing. Randolph also served as editor for "The Socialist" magazine. Writers published in "The Messenger" tackled issues which other journals and magazines avoided. "The Messenger" was notable for its critical perspective during the Harlem Renaissance. It was described as "The most feared black publication" during its reigning era from 1917 until 1928. Randolph and his wife Lucille ran for