Inverted sugar syrup simple sugars is formed by a process of hydrolysis of sucrose. This mixture has the opposite direction of optical rotation as the original sugar, which is why it is called an "invert" sugar. Table sugar (sucrose) is converted to invert sugar by a chemical reaction called "hydrolysis". Heating a mixture or solution of table sugar and water breaks the chemical bond that links together the two simple-sugar components. The balanced chemical equation for the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose is: Once a sucrose solution has had some of its sucrose turned into glucose and fructose the solution is
Proper time arc length of world lines in four-dimensional spacetime. From the mathematical point of view, coordinate time is assumed to be predefined and we require an expression for proper time as a function of coordinate time. From the experimental point of view, proper time is what is measured experimentally and then coordinate time is calculated from the proper time of some inertial clocks. Proper time can only be defined for timelike paths through spacetime which allow for the construction of an accompanying set of physical rulers and clocks. The same formalism for spacelike paths leads to a measurement of proper distance