Convex optimization of optimization problem is convex. "Standard form" is the usual and perhaps most intuitive form of describing a convex minimization problem. It consists of the following three parts: A convex minimization problem in standard form is thus written as In reality, this form of problem is exactly equivalent to a problem constrained by only equalities. You can rephrase the problem without equality constraints by replacing each equality constraint formula_52 with a pair of inequality constraints formula_64 and formula_65, and the previous analysis holds. This fact is why formula_53 being both convex and concave, i.e. both formula_53 and formula_68 are convex,
Telecentric lens (or "collimated") illuminators, which produce a parallel light flow, often from LED sources. An image-space (or image-side) telecentric lens produces images of the same size regardless of the distance between the lens and the film or image sensor. This allows the lens to be focused to different distances without changing the size of the image. Image-space telecentric lenses have an exit pupil infinitely far in front of the lens; that is, if one looks in the back of the lens, the image of the aperture is very far away. At the film or image sensor, all of the chief rays