Artificial organ almost always preceded by extensive experiments with animals. Initial testing in humans is frequently limited to those either already facing death or who have exhausted every other treatment possibility. Artificial arms and legs, or prosthetics, are intended to restore a degree of normal function to amputees. Mechanical devices that allow amputees to walk again or continue to use two hands have probably been in use since ancient times, the most notable one being the simple peg leg. Since then, the development of artificial limbs has progressed rapidly. New plastics and other materials, such as carbon fiber have allowed artificial limbs
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine violation of the Oviedo Convention alone, but may reference the provisions in proceedings relating to the European Convention on Human Rights. A reservation may be made with respect to a particular provision of the convention ("Article 36"). Six states have reservations regarding particular provisions: Any signatory can denounce the convention by means of notification to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe. Deliberate cloning, to create genetically identical human beings, is contrary to human dignity and constitutes a misuse of biology and medicine. It is therefore prohibited under this protocol. The protocol stipulates that, insofar as is possible, equitable