Electrode potential Potential of a cell assembled of two electrodes can be determined from the two individual electrode potentials using or, equivalently, This follows from the IUPAC definition of the electric potential difference of a galvanic cell, according to which the electric potential difference of a cell is the difference of the potentials of the electrodes on the right and the left of the galvanic cell. When Δ"V" is positive, then positive electrical charge flows through the cell from the left electrode (anode) to the right electrode (cathode). Electrode potential Electrode potential, "E", in chemistry or electrochemistry, according to a IUPAC definition,
Organic solar cell holes to the negative electrode. In 1958 the photovoltaic effect or the creation of voltage of a cell based on magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc)—a macrocyclic compound having an alternating nitrogen atom-carbon atom ring structure—was discovered to have a photovoltage of 200 mV. An Al/MgPc/Ag cell obtained photovoltaic efficiency of 0.01% under illumination at 690 nm. Conjugated polymers were also used in this type of photovoltaic cell. One device used polyacetylene (Fig 1) as the organic layer, with Al and graphite, producing an open circuit voltage of 0.3 V and a charge collection efficiency of 0.3%. An Al/poly(3-nethyl-thiophene)/Pt cell had an external