CAD standards CAD standards CAD Standards are a set of guidelines for the way Computer-aided drafting (CAD), or (CADD) Computer Aided Design and Drawing, drawings should appear, to improve productivity and interchange of CAD documents between different offices and CAD programs, especially in architecture and engineering. Most common: Samples of standardised layers: Thickness for pens and plot: "0,13 mm Gray, 0,18 mm Red, 0,25 mm White, 0,35 mm Yellow, 0,50 mm Magenta, 0,70 mm Blue, 1,00 mm Green". In AutoCAD usually parts to be printed in black are drawn in 1 to 7 basic colors. Color layer: Green-Center, Magenta-Measure of length and
Computer-assisted surgery fragments in fractures, allowing a good fixation by osteosynthesis. Early CAOS systems include the HipNav, OrthoPilot, and Praxim. With the advent of computer-assisted surgery, great progresses have been made in general surgery towards minimal invasive approaches. Laparoscopy in abdominal and gynecologic surgery is one of the beneficiaries, allowing surgical robots to perform routine operations, like colecystectomies, or even hysterectomies. In cardiac surgery, shared control systems can perform mitral valve replacement or ventricular pacing by small thoracotomies. In urology, surgical robots contributed in laparoscopic approaches for pyeloplasty or nephrectomy or prostatic interventions. Applications include atrial fibrillation and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pre-operative