Eucestoda the "broad tapeworm" or "fish tapeworm") and related species. Humans become infected by eating raw, undercooked, or marinated fish acting as a second intermediate or paratenic host harboring metacestodes or plerocercoid larvae. Clinical symptoms are due to the large size of the tapeworm, which often reaches a length exceeding 15 m. The most common symptom is pernicious anemia, caused by the absorption of vitamin B12 by the worm. Other symptoms include various intestinal issues, slight leukocytosis, and eosinophilia. This condition is caused by the plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm "Spirometra". Humans become infected by drinking contaminated water, eating raw or
Vibrio but can also infect open wounds and cause septicemia. They can be carried by numerous marine animals, such as crabs or prawns, and have been known to cause fatal infections in humans during exposure. Pathogenic "Vibrio" species include "V. cholerae" (the causative agent of cholera), "V. parahaemolyticus", and "V. vulnificus." "V. cholerae" is generally transmitted by contaminated water. Pathogenic "Vibrio" species can cause foodborne illness (infection), usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. The pathogenic features can be linked to quorum sensing where bacteria are able to express their virulence factor via their signalling molecules. "V. vulnificus" outbreaks commonly occur in