Radiation material science structures to fulfill their purpose, a firm understanding of the effect of radiation on materials is required in order to account for irradiation effects in design, to mitigate its effect by changing operating conditions, or to serve as a guide for creating new, more radiation-tolerant materials that can better serve their purpose. The types of radiation that can alter structural materials consist of neutrons, ions, electrons and gamma rays. All of these forms of radiation have the capability to displace atoms from their lattice sites, which is the fundamental process that drives the changes in structural metals.The inclusion of ions
Radiation pattern state the gain than to specify the effective aperture. The power delivered to the receiver is therefore more usually written as (see link budget). The effective aperture is however of interest for comparison with the actual physical size of the antenna. Radiation pattern In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the "directional" (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other source. Particularly in the fields of fiber optics, lasers, and integrated optics, the term radiation pattern may also be used as a synonym