Reflecting telescope manageable at large focal ratios — most Schiefspieglers use f/15 or longer, which tends to restrict useful observation to the moon and planets. A number of variations are common, with varying numbers of mirrors of different types. The Kutter (named after its inventor Anton Kutter) style uses a single concave primary, a convex secondary and a plano-convex lens between the secondary mirror and the focal plane, when needed (this is the case of the "catadioptric Schiefspiegler"). One variation of a multi-schiefspiegler uses a concave primary, convex secondary and a parabolic tertiary. One of the interesting aspects of some Schiefspieglers is
Luneburg lens one side, and formula_14 only on the other: The parameter formula_19 is a constant for any given ray, but differs between rays passing at different distances from the centre of the lens. For rays passing through the centre, it is zero. In some special cases, such as for Maxwell's fish-eye, this first order equation can be further integrated to give a formula for formula_14 as a function or formula_13. In general it provides the relative rates of change of formula_14 and formula_13, which may be integrated numerically to follow the path of the ray through the lens. Luneburg lens A