Vanessa cardui migrations take place at high altitude, which explains why these migrations are seldom witnessed. "V. cardui" is known for its distinct migratory behavior. In California, they are usually seen flying from north to northwest. These migrations appear to be partially initiated by heavy winter rains in the desert where rainfall controls the growth of larval food plants. Painted lady migration patterns are highly erratic and they do not migrate every year. Some evidence suggests that global climatic events, such as el Niño, may affect the migratory behavior of the painted lady butterflies, causing large-scale migrations. Based on experimental data, the
Black and white movies in black-and-white as an artistic choice, though it is much less common for a major Hollywood production. The use of black-and-white in the mass media often connotes something "nostalgic" or historic. The film director Woody Allen has used black-and-white a number of times since "Manhattan" (1979), which also had a George Gershwin derived score. The makers of "The Good German" (2006) used camera lenses from the 1940s, and other equipment from that era, so that their black-and-white film imitated the look of early "noir". In fact, monochrome film stock is now rarely used at the time of shooting, even