Emetophobia vomiting, thus inducing a phobia." In an internet survey conducted by Dr. Joshua D. Lipsitz "et al." given to emetophobic people, respondents gave many different reasons as to why they became emetophobic. Among some of the causes listed were several severe bouts of vomiting as children and being firsthand witnesses to many severe vomiting in others due to illness, pregnancy or alcoholism. There are two assessment tools used to diagnose emetophobia: the Specific Phobia of Vomiting inventory and the Emetophobia Questionnaire. They are self-report questionnaires that focus on a different range of symptoms. There have been a limited number of
Proof that π is irrational Proof that π is irrational In the 1760's, Johann Heinrich Lambert proved that the number (pi) is irrational: that is, it cannot be expressed as a fraction "a"/"b", where "a" is an integer and "b" is a non-zero integer. In the 19th century, Charles Hermite found a proof that requires no prerequisite knowledge beyond basic calculus. Three simplifications of Hermite's proof are due to Mary Cartwright, Ivan Niven, and Nicolas Bourbaki. Another proof, which is a simplification of Lambert's proof, is due to Miklós Laczkovich. In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that is not just irrational, but transcendental as well.