Newtonian telescope Newtonian telescope The Newtonian telescope, also called the Newtonian reflector or just the Newtonian, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton's first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope. The Newtonian telescope's simple design makes it very popular with amateur telescope makers. Newton's idea for a reflecting telescope was not new. Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo had discussed using a mirror as the image forming objective soon after the invention of the
Newtonian dynamics constraints look like scalar equations of the form Constraints of the form () are called holonomic and scleronomic. In terms of the radius-vector formula_10 of the Newtonian dynamical system () they are written as Each such constraint reduces by one the number of degrees of freedom of the Newtonian dynamical system (). Therefore the constrained system has formula_16 degrees of freedom. Definition. The constraint equations () define an formula_17-dimensional manifold formula_18 within the configuration space of the Newtonian dynamical system (). This manifold formula_18 is called the configuration space of the constrained system. Its tangent bundle formula_20 is called the