Aluminum electrolytic capacitor C when the cathode capacitance C is very large compared with the anode capacitance C. This requirement is given when the cathode capacitance C is approximately 10 times higher than the anode capacitance C. This can be easily achieved because the natural oxide layer on a cathode surface has a voltage proof of approximately 1.5 V and is therefore very thin. Although the present article only refers in essence to aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte, an overview of the different types of aluminum electrolytic capacitors is given here in order to highlight the differences. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are divided
Plate electrode tube envelope and is cooled by radiation cooling, forced air or water. A problem in early vacuum tubes was "secondary emission"; electrons striking the plate could knock other electrons out of the metal surface. In some tubes such as tetrodes these "secondary electrons" could be absorbed by other electrods such as grids in the tube, resulting in a current out of the plate. This current could cause the plate circuit to have negative resistance, which could cause unwanted parasitic oscillations. To prevent this most plates in modern tubes are given a chemical coating which reduces secondary emission. Plate electrode A