Backstone Bank and Baal Hill Woods one side valley, there is a small population of small-leaved lime, "Tilia cordata", which occurs here close to its northern limit and at an unusually high altitude. On base-rich soils, the woodland typically consists of ash, "Fraxinus excelsior", and wych elm, "Ulmus glabra", over an understorey of hazel, "Corylus avellana", and bird cherry, "Prunus padus", and a rich ground flora that includes lady-fern, "Athyrium filix-femina", male fern, "Dryopteris filix-mas", and hard shield-fern, "Polystichum aculeatum". On more acid soils, sessile oak, "Quercus petraea", and birch, "Betula sp.", are dominant. The under-storey, of hazel, holly, "Ilex aquifolium", rowan, "Sorbus aucuparia", and hawthorn,
Sorbus aucuparia tract, fever, infections, colds, flu, rheumatism and gout. Fresh fruit are usually unpalatable, but they can be debittered and made into compote, jelly, jam, a tangy syrup, a tart chutney, or juice, as well as wine and liqueur, or used for tea or to make flour. Fruit are served as a side dish to lamb or game. Debittering can be accomplished by freezing, cooking, or drying, which degrades the parasorbic acid. The fruit are red colored in August but usually only harvested in October after the first frost by cutting the corymbs. The robust qualities of "S. aucuparia" make it