Pneumatic artificial muscles conventional electric motors and hydraulic cylinders. Pneumatic artificial muscles Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are contractile or extensional devices operated by pressurized air filling a pneumatic bladder. In an approximation of human muscles, PAMs are usually grouped in pairs: one agonist and one antagonist. PAMs were first developed (under the name of "McKibben Artificial Muscles") in the 1950s for use in artificial limbs. The Bridgestone rubber company (Japan) commercialized the idea in the 1980s under the name of Rubbertuators. The retraction strength of the PAM is limited by the sum total strength of individual fibers in the woven shell. The exertion
Kitty AI: Artificial Intelligence for Governance Kitty AI: Artificial Intelligence for Governance Kitty AI: Artificial Intelligence for Governance is a 2016 art project by artist and researcher Pinar Yoldas. It is a 12-minute 3D animation. The work imagines a future where artificial intelligence takes over politics and an AI kitten becomes the first non-human governor in the year 2039. Kitty AI takes the format of a 3D animation where a digital kitten introduces itself as the first AI governor with extensive affective capacities such as being capable of loving millions of people, and delivers a speech about the grounds on which networks of artificial intelligence replace