Vanessa cardui migrations take place at high altitude, which explains why these migrations are seldom witnessed. "V. cardui" is known for its distinct migratory behavior. In California, they are usually seen flying from north to northwest. These migrations appear to be partially initiated by heavy winter rains in the desert where rainfall controls the growth of larval food plants. Painted lady migration patterns are highly erratic and they do not migrate every year. Some evidence suggests that global climatic events, such as el Niño, may affect the migratory behavior of the painted lady butterflies, causing large-scale migrations. Based on experimental data, the
Tingis cardui Tingis cardui Tingis cardui is a Palearctic lacewing bug. The species is widespread in almost all of Europe and lacking only in the far North. It is common also in North Africa and East Asia minor and the Middle East as well as southern Russia and the Caucasus to Siberia and the North of China. "Tingis cardui " lives on "Cirsium", in particular on "Cirsium vulgare", but also on "Cirsium palustre" and less frequently on "Carduus nutans", "Carduus crispus", and "Carduus acanthoides". Overwintering occurs as an imago in the ground litter, or under loose bark. The bugs appear in April