Aluminum electrolytic capacitor electrolytic capacitor. The properties of this aluminum oxide layer compared with tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer are given in the following table: After forming a dielectric oxide on the rough anode structures, a counter-electrode has to match the rough insulating oxide surface. This is provided by the electrolyte, which acts as the cathode electrode of an electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytes may be "non-solid" (wet, liquid) or "solid". Non-solid electrolytes, as a liquid medium that has an "ion conductivity" caused by moving ions, are relatively insensitive to voltage spikes or current surges. Solid electrolytes have an "electron conductivity", which makes solid electrolytic capacitors
Electrode potential that only the magnitude expressed according to the convention (2) be called "the electrode potential". To avoid possible ambiguities, the electrode potential thus defined can also be referred to as "Gibbs–Stockholm electrode potential". In both conventions, the standard hydrogen electrode is defined to have a potential of 0 V. Both conventions also agree on the sign of "E" for a half-cell reaction when it is written as a reduction. The main difference between the two conventions is that upon reversing the direction of a half-cell reaction "as written", according to convention (1) the sign of "E" also switches, whereas in