Electrolytic capacitor conductivity of metals. In 1991 Panasonic came on the market with its "SP-Cap", called polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitors. These aluminum electrolytic capacitors with polymer electrolytes reached very low ESR values directly comparable to ceramic multilayer capacitors (MLCCs). They were still less expensive than tantalum capacitors and with their flat design for laptops and cell phones competed with tantalum chip capacitors as well. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with PPy polymer electrolyte cathode followed three years later. In 1993 NEC introduced its SMD polymer tantalum electrolytic capacitors, called "NeoCap". In 1997 Sanyo followed with the "POSCAP" polymer tantalum chips. A new conductive polymer
Fluoride selective electrode is given by the Nernst equation: where: Martin S. Frant and James W. Ross Jr. Electrode for Sensing Fluoride Ion Activity in Solution. Science 23 December 1966:Vol. 154. no. 3756, pp. 1553 - 1555 Fluoride selective electrode A fluoride selective electrode is a type of ion selective electrode sensitive to the concentration of the fluoride ion. A common example is the lanthanum fluoride electrode. In the lanthanum fluoride electrode, the sensing element is a crystal of lanthanum fluoride LaF, doped with europium fluoride EuF to create lattice vacancies. Such a crystal is an ionic conductor by virtue of the mobility