Pied-Noir at the end of the Algerian War until August 1969, when the French Minister of Veterans Affairs ("Ministre des Anciens Combattants") at the time, Henri Duvillard, lifted the prohibition. Pied-Noir Pied-Noir (, ""Black-Foot""), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term primarily referring to people of European, mostly ethnic French origin, who were born in Algeria during the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962. More broadly, it can refer to other foreign-origin persons, both Christian and Jewish, from all parts of the Mediterranean whose families had also migrated under French occupation in the 19th and 20th centuries to French Algeria, the
Pied-piping Apparently, the Left Branch Condition is absent from Russian. The second example illustrating variation in pied-piping across languages is from German. Relative pronouns in German at times have the option to pied-pipe a governing "zu"-infinitive when they are fronted, e.g. The a-sentence has the relative pronoun "das" pied-piping the zu-infinitive "zu lesen" to the front of the relative clause, whereas this pied-piping does not occur in the b-sentence. Since both variants are acceptable, pied-piping in such cases is optional. In English in contrast, pied-piping in such constellations is impossible, e.g. "*the book which to read I tried" and "*the book