Pied-Noir at the end of the Algerian War until August 1969, when the French Minister of Veterans Affairs ("Ministre des Anciens Combattants") at the time, Henri Duvillard, lifted the prohibition. Pied-Noir Pied-Noir (, ""Black-Foot""), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term primarily referring to people of European, mostly ethnic French origin, who were born in Algeria during the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962. More broadly, it can refer to other foreign-origin persons, both Christian and Jewish, from all parts of the Mediterranean whose families had also migrated under French occupation in the 19th and 20th centuries to French Algeria, the
Pied tamarin the pied tamarin from areas of its historical distribution. There are therefore multiple threats to the long-term survival off the pied tamarin that stem from habitat destruction and from interspecific competition. The pied tamarin's body measures 20.8–28.3 cm.; including the tail it measures 33.5–42.0 cm. Males weigh 428 grams ("n" = 4). Its life expectancy is approximately 10 years in the wild. Individuals live in groups of 2 to 15 members with little intra-group competition. Average group size in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke is 4.8 individuals per group ("n" = 41), and other areas around Manaus reported mean group