Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution (league) had a number of variations, particularly the "aune" (which was used to measure cloth The "loi du 19 frimaire an VIII" (Law of 10 December 1799) states that one decimal metre is exactly 443.296 French lines, or "3 pieds 11.296 lignes de la "Toise du Pérou"". Thus the French royal foot is exactly 9000/27,706 metres (about 0.3248 m). In Quebec, the surveys in French units were converted using the relationship 1 "pied" (of the French variety, the same word being used for English feet as well) = 12.789 English inches. This makes the Quebec "pied" very slightly smaller (about
Pied-Noir is known historically that many Sephardi Jews came following the Spanish "Reconquista". In 1870, Justice Minister Adolphe Crémieux wrote a proposal, "décret Crémieux", giving French citizenship to Algerian Jews. This advancement was resisted by part of the larger "Pied-Noir" community and in 1897 a wave of anti-Semitic riots occurred in Algeria. During World War II the "décret Crémieux" was abolished under the Vichy regime, and Jews were barred from professional jobs between 1940 and 1943. Citizenship was restored in 1943. Thus, the Jews of Algeria eventually came to be considered part of the "Pied-Noir" community, and many fled the country