Vovinam Lộc (1912 – 1960) in 1938, with the intent of providing practitioners with an efficient method of self-defense after a short period of study. Nguyễn believed martial arts would contribute to freeing Vietnam, which had been ruled by France since 1859, from outside domination. Vovinam, which Nguyễn synthesized from Chinese styles of kung fu, his own knowledge of traditional Vietnamese martial arts, and elements of Japanese and Korean systems, was thus created partially as a response to the French occupation, meant to promote a sense of national identity for the Vietnamese people. Vovinam thus has anticolonial origins. After being invited
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art This is not a criticism, but rather an interesting connection behind the arguments made in the book. Anderson ends his review on a fairly sour note, stating the book's incorporation of foreign terms within the English literature was inadequate, concluding that the book was “readable”. Review by Bryan McCann in the "American Historical Review" 111 (2006): 1235-1235. Review by Robert N. Anderson in "The Americas" 63 (2006): 145-146. Review by Christopher M. Johnson in the "Journal of Latin American Studies" 40 (2008): 834-836. Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art is