Calyx of Held Calyx of Held The Calyx of Held is a particularly large synapse in the mammalian auditory central nervous system, so named by Hans Held in his 1893 article "Die centrale Gehörleitung" because of its resemblance to the calyx of a flower. Globular bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) send axons to the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), where they synapse via these calyces on MNTB principal cells. These principal cells then project to the ipsilateral lateral superior olive (LSO), where they inhibit postsynaptic neurons and provide a basis for interaural level detection (ILD), required for
Plant life-form plant functional type, which has recently replaced "life-form" in a narrow sense. Following, some relevant schemes. Based on plant habit: Humboldt described 19 (originally 16) "Hauptformen", named mostly after some characteristic genus or family: Based upon the duration of life and the height of the ligneous stem: Based on the place of the plant's growth-point (bud) during seasons with adverse conditions (cold seasons, dry seasons): Vegetation-forms: Main life-forms ("Grundformen") system: Growth-form system: Main groups of plant life forms: Following, other morphological, ecological, physiological or economic categorizations of plants. According to the general appearance (habit): According to leaf hardness, size and