Horse collar of the Oseberg ship burial). The problem with a breastcollar harness was that the actual shafts of the cart, chariot, or other vehicle are attached to a surcingle around the barrel of the horse. The breastplate primarily kept the surcingle from slipping back, not as the primary pushing object. This results in the horse literally pulling the load, a less efficient use of the animal. The modern breastcollar has traces which transfer the pull directly from the breastcollar, but a horse collar still is more effective for pulling heavy loads. After the breastcollar harness, the next and final evolutionary stage
Girth (geometry) width, with the same width "w". All curves of constant width have the same perimeter, the same value "w" as the circumference of a circle with that width (this is Barbier's theorem). Therefore, every surface of constant width is also a surface of constant girth: its girth in all directions is the same number "w". Hermann Minkowski proved, conversely, that every convex surface of constant girth is also a surface of constant width. For a prism or cylinder, its projection in the direction parallel to its axis is the same as its cross section, so in these cases the girth