19th-century philosophy of complexity from mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and a new discipline called "sociology", which is the study of the "dynamics and statics of society". The American philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce and William James developed the pragmatist philosophy in the late 19th century. The twilight years of the 19th century in Britain saw the rise of British idealism, a revival of interest in the works of Kant and Hegel. Transcendentalism was rooted in Immanuel Kant's transcendence and German idealism, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. The main belief was in an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the
David Livingstone on Stanley and Livingstone, but with a few crucial letters omitted from the surname; it is unknown whether this results from a typist's error or a deliberate obfuscation. The ABBA song "What about Livingstone?" mentions Livingstone traveling up the Nile. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the Hugh Masekela song "Whitch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, "Colonial Man". There is an achievement in Sid Meier's Civilization 5 called "Dr Livingstone I presume?" in which the player needs to move his/her Stanley Explorer into a tile of England's Livingstone Explorer. David Livingstone His fame