Pied-Noir at the end of the Algerian War until August 1969, when the French Minister of Veterans Affairs ("Ministre des Anciens Combattants") at the time, Henri Duvillard, lifted the prohibition. Pied-Noir Pied-Noir (, ""Black-Foot""), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term primarily referring to people of European, mostly ethnic French origin, who were born in Algeria during the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962. More broadly, it can refer to other foreign-origin persons, both Christian and Jewish, from all parts of the Mediterranean whose families had also migrated under French occupation in the 19th and 20th centuries to French Algeria, the
Pied-piping that is not bolded. The gap marks the canonical position of the fronted expression: In each of the b-sentences, the interrogative word has pied-piped an encompassing phrase with it, whereas each c-sentence is bad because pied-piping has not occurred. These examples illustrate that the pied-piped phrase can be a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or an adverb phrase, and examples further below illustrate that it can also be a prepositional phrase. Pied-piping occurs in embedded wh-clauses as well: And pied-piping is very frequent in relative clauses, where a greater flexibility about what can or must be pied-piped is discernible: The