19th-century philosophy of complexity from mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and a new discipline called "sociology", which is the study of the "dynamics and statics of society". The American philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce and William James developed the pragmatist philosophy in the late 19th century. The twilight years of the 19th century in Britain saw the rise of British idealism, a revival of interest in the works of Kant and Hegel. Transcendentalism was rooted in Immanuel Kant's transcendence and German idealism, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. The main belief was in an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the
Alexander Livingstone (British politician) down from Parliament at the 1929 general election. He was the Whip of the 'Radical' Parliamentary Group, formed in opposition to the leadership of David Lloyd George. He declared himself unable to endorse the Liberal Unemployment Pledge, and consequently withdrew in 1929 as Liberal candidate for the Western Isles. He joined the Labour Party in 1930. Livingstone died in Islington, London in September 1950 at the age of 69. Alexander Livingstone (British politician) Sir Alexander McKenzie Livingstone (18 October 1880 – 14 September 1950) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician. Livingstone was born in Kelvin, Glasgow in October 1880 to