19th-century philosophy of complexity from mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and a new discipline called "sociology", which is the study of the "dynamics and statics of society". The American philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce and William James developed the pragmatist philosophy in the late 19th century. The twilight years of the 19th century in Britain saw the rise of British idealism, a revival of interest in the works of Kant and Hegel. Transcendentalism was rooted in Immanuel Kant's transcendence and German idealism, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. The main belief was in an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the
Henry Morton Stanley sovereignty [reference?] in exchange for bolts of cloth and trinkets; playing one tribe off another or even shooting [evidence that he did this on the Congo?] an obstructive chief and negotiating with his cowed successor instead. [citation?] However, as he approached Stanley Falls at the junction between the Congo proper and the Lualaba, close to the general vicinity of Central Africa where he had found Livingstone six years before, it soon became clear that Stanley's men were not the only intruders. Tippu Tip, the most powerful of Zanzibar's slave traders of the 19th century, was well known to Stanley, as