Pappus (botany) Pappus (botany) The pappus is the modified calyx, the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower heads of the plant family Asteraceae. The term is sometimes used in other plant families such as Asclepiadaceae (milkweeds), whose seeds have a similar structure attached, although it is not related to the calyx of the flower. The Asteraceae pappus may be composed of bristles (sometimes feathery), awns, scales, or may be absent. In some species, the pappus is too small to see without magnification. In species such as Dandelion or "Eupatorium", feathery bristles of the
Plant physiology plants in a water solution rather than soil, which has become a standard technique in biological research, teaching lab exercises, crop production and as a hobby. One of the leading journals in the field is "Plant Physiology", started in 1926. All its back issues are available online for free. Many other journals often carry plant physiology articles, including "Physiologia Plantarum", "Journal of Experimental Botany", "American Journal of Botany", "Annals of Botany", "Journal of Plant Nutrition" and "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences." In horticulture and agriculture along with food science, plant physiology is an important topic relating to fruits,