Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution 4 parts in one million) than the "pied" used in France. According to the law of 19 Frimaire An VIII (December 10, 1799), Traditionally, the French pound ("livre") was defined as the mass of exactly of a French cubic foot of water. When the kilogram was defined, the knowledge that a "pied du Roi cube" filled with water masses exactly 70 French pounds was apparently lost. According to the traditional (cubic foot) definition, one "livre" would have been about 489.675 grams. According to the kilogramme definition, one "livre" was about 489.506 grammes. The difference is about 0.035%. However, a small
Pied-Noir is known historically that many Sephardi Jews came following the Spanish "Reconquista". In 1870, Justice Minister Adolphe Crémieux wrote a proposal, "décret Crémieux", giving French citizenship to Algerian Jews. This advancement was resisted by part of the larger "Pied-Noir" community and in 1897 a wave of anti-Semitic riots occurred in Algeria. During World War II the "décret Crémieux" was abolished under the Vichy regime, and Jews were barred from professional jobs between 1940 and 1943. Citizenship was restored in 1943. Thus, the Jews of Algeria eventually came to be considered part of the "Pied-Noir" community, and many fled the country