Cascade (juggling) and thrown from closer to the middle of the pattern, causing each ball to pass under the ball previously thrown, in a reverse cascade objects are caught near the middle of the pattern and thrown from the outside, causing each ball to pass above the ball previously thrown. Thus from the juggler's perspective the left hand moves in a clockwise motion, and the right hand in a counterclockwise motion. The reverse cascade is generally considered to be more difficult to perform than the cascade, with a difficulty rating of 4 rather than 2 out of 10. The reverse cascade is,
All-pass filter same angle but have reciprocal magnitudes (i.e., they are "reflections" of each other across the boundary of the complex unit circle). The placement of this pole-zero pair for a given formula_9 can be rotated in the complex plane by any angle and retain its all-pass magnitude characteristic. Complex pole-zero pairs in all-pass filters help control the frequency where phase shifts occur. To create an all-pass implementation with real coefficients, the complex all-pass filter can be cascaded with an all-pass that substitutes formula_14 for formula_9, leading to the Z-transform implementation which is equivalent to the difference equation where formula_18 is the