Abnormal psychology were thought to be possessed by evil spirits that had to be exercised through religious rituals. If exorcism failed, some authorities advocated steps such as confinement, beating, and other types of torture to make the body uninhabitable by witches, demons, and spirits. The belief that witches, demons, and spirits are responsible for the abnormal behavior continued into the 15th century. Swiss alchemist, astrologer, and physician Paracelsus (1493–1541), on the other hand, rejected the idea that abnormal behaviors were caused by witches, demons, and spirits and suggested that people's mind and behaviors were influenced by the movements of the moon and
Celestial monarch Celestial monarch The celestial monarch ("Hypothymis coelestis") is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae, and one of the most attractive of all the monarch flycatchers, with its spectacular blue crest and large yellow eye-ring (neither of which are illustrated in the facing painting). It is endemic to the Philippines. An alternate name for the celestial monarch is the celestial blue monarch. Two subspecies are recognized: Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This beautiful insectivore is declining rapidly, with recent surveys revealing its presence at only 10 sites. Widespread and continuing reduction of its lowland