Cod Wars of nationalism and party competition for Iceland and pressure from the trawling industry for Britain are reasons that both sides took actions that were of noticeable risk to their broader security interests. Interdepartmental competition and unilateral behaviour by individual diplomats were also factors, with the British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries influencing the British government's decision 'more than the Foreign Office'. A 2017 study argues that both a combination of powerful domestic pressures on statesmen to escalate and miscalculation by those statesmen contributed to the outbreak of the Cod Wars. The study argues that Iceland won each of the Cod
Customs Union between the EU and the UK Some critics believe that the Customs Union between the UK and the EU is a minor part of resolving cross border delays as it does not on its own deal with Single Market issues or the ability of non EU HGV drivers to drive on EU roads. Jeremy Corbyn, the leader of the Labour Party (UK), has backed an EU-UK Customs Union. The House of Lords voted in April 2018 to force a negotiation of a Customs Union between the EU and the UK. Customs Union between the EU and the UK An EU-UK Customs Union is a proposal to