Barouche etymological technicality; over a few thousand years, words change. The barouche was based on an earlier style of carriage, the "calash" or "calèche": this was a light carriage with small wheels, inside seats for four passengers, a separate driver's seat and a folding top. A folding calash top was a feature of two other types: the chaise, a two-wheeled carriage for one or two persons, a body hung on leather straps or thorough-braces, usually drawn by one horse; and a victoria, a low four-wheeled pleasure carriage for two with a raised seat in front for the driver. A victoria is
Barouche or "barouchette". A barouche-sociable was described as a cross between a barouche and a victoria. A barouche-landau is mentioned in "Emma", published in 1816 by Jane Austen. It "combines the best features of a barouche and a landau". An illustration of the expensive and more rarely seen vehicle, on account of the expense, is shown in a paper by Ed Ratcliffe, citing editor R. W. Chapman's collection of the works of Jane Austen, in the volume Minor Works, as noted in Ratcliffe's sources. f In the 1994 novel, "The Alienist", which is set in 1896, by Caleb Carr a frequently