Hawaii hotspot created at least 129 volcanoes, more than 123 of which are extinct volcanoes, seamounts, and atolls, four of which are active volcanoes, and two of which are dormant volcanoes. They can be organized into three general categories: the Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises most of the U.S. state of Hawaii and is the location of all modern volcanic activity; the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, which consist of coral atolls, extinct islands, and atoll islands; and the Emperor Seamounts, all of which have since eroded and subsided to the sea and become seamounts and guyots (flat-topped seamounts). Hawaiian volcanoes are characterized by frequent
Active networking networking. Active networking relates to other networking paradigms primarily based upon how computing and communication are partitioned in the architecture. Active networking places computation within packets traveling through the network. Software-defined networking decouples the system that makes decisions about where traffic is sent (the control plane) from the underlying systems that forward traffic to the selected destination (the data plane). Active network research addresses the nature of how best to incorporate extremely dynamic capability within networks. In order to do this, active network research must address the problem of optimally allocating computation versus communication within communication networks. A similar problem