Silicon Alley build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. As of 2013, Google's second largest office is located in New York. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was in 2014 in the final stages of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. This revival was not restricted to Lower Manhattan, but was spread throughout New York City. Hence "Silicon Alley" has been considered by some observers to be an obsolete term. Silicon Alley Silicon Alley,
Silicon Beach other technology companies had facilities—"Silicon Beach, in deference to the great valley of the West". In 1984 Silicon Beach Software was formed in San Diego, California. "Silicon Beach Australia" was used to describe that country's internet technology community in 2008. There are four significant areas in Australia that are nurturing start-ups: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Perth. Silicon Beach Silicon Beach is the Westside region of the Los Angeles metropolitan area that is home to over 500 tech startup companies, with emphasis on the coastal strip north of LAX to Santa Monica Mountains, but the term may be applied loosely or