Carnivorous plant often waterlogged, which favours the production of toxic ions such as ammonium, and its pH is an acidic 4 to 5. Ammonium can be used as a source of nitrogen by plants, but its high toxicity means that concentrations high enough to fertilise are also high enough to cause damage. However, the habitat is warm, sunny, constantly moist, and the plant experiences relatively little competition from low growing "Sphagnum" moss. Still, carnivores are also found in very atypical habitats. "Drosophyllum lusitanicum" is found around desert edges and "Pinguicula valisneriifolia" on limestone (calcium-rich) cliffs. In all the studied cases, carnivory allows
Chemical plant reactions or other chemical principles in a laboratory, commonly on a small scale in a "batch-type" experiment. Chemistry information obtained is then used by chemical engineers, along with expertise of their own, to convert to a chemical process and scale up the batch size or capacity. Commonly, a small chemical plant called a pilot plant is built to provide design and operating information before construction of a large plant. From data and operating experience obtained from the pilot plant, a scaled-up plant can be designed for higher or full capacity. After the fundamental aspects of a plant design are determined,