Ainu cuisine used all the same ingredients, instead utilizing what was most available. In addition to salt, the fats ("sum") from cod, sardines, herring, shark, seal, whale ("humpesum)," sika deer ("yuksum"), and bear ("pasum") are used to flavor dishes. Miso and soy sauce have also been used in modern times. Soup stocks may be made using kelp ("kombu"), animal bone, and dried fish. Seasoning and spices include "pukusa" ("allium ochotense"), berries from the Amur corktree ("phellodendron amurense"), and wavy bittercress ("cardamine flexuosa"). The most predominate game animal was the sika deer. Deer were hunted using poisoned arrows as well by herding them
Sika people Catholic mission worked actively since the 17th century; where it is here that their culture acquired European features. Sika people engage in slash-and-burn agriculture with short forms of shifting cultivation. In the west of the coastal area, irrigation is used. Food crops farming include rice, corn, cassava and millet; and other commodities are such as peanuts and coconut palm. Sika people also raise horses, small cattle and poultry. Coastal fishing is also common. Weaving and braiding are well developed. Commodity-money relations are intertwined with numerous survivals of the traditional communal system, where it is manifested in the system of land