Development of the World Chess Championship five incredibly close world championship matches, the World Chess Championship 1984 (controversially terminated without result with Karpov leading +5 -3 =40), World Chess Championship 1985 (in which Kasparov won the title, 13–11), World Chess Championship 1986 (narrowly won by Kasparov, 12½–11½), World Chess Championship 1987 (drawn 12–12, Kasparov retaining the title), and World Chess Championship 1990 (again narrowly won by Kasparov, 12½–11½). In 1993, Kasparov and challenger Nigel Short complained of corruption and a lack of professionalism within FIDE and split from FIDE to set up the Professional Chess Association (PCA), under whose auspices they held their match. FIDE and
World Chess Championship the winner playing a match against the champion for the title. These have followed a 2-year cycle: qualification for the Candidates in the odd year, the Candidates tournament early in the even year, and World Championship match late in the even year. Magnus Carlsen defeated Anand in the World Chess Championship 2013. Carlsen has successfully defended his title thrice, against Anand in the World Chess Championship 2014, against Sergey Karjakin in the World Chess Championship 2016, and against Fabiano Caruana in the World Chess Championship 2018. His last two defences were decided by tie-break in rapid games. Before 1948 world