Cinchona in quinology to examine the contents of these components in assays. The yields of quinine in the cultivated trees were low and it took a while to develop sustainable methods to extract bark. In the meantime Charles Ledger and his native assistant Manuel collected another species from Bolivia. Manuel was caught and beaten by Bolivian officials leading to his death but Ledger obtained seeds of high quality which were offered to the British who were uninterested, leading to the rest being sold to the Dutch. The Dutch saw its value and multiplied the stock. The species later named as "Cinchona
Beech bark disease Beech bark disease Beech bark disease is a disease that causes mortality and defects in beech trees in the eastern United States and Europe. In North America, the disease occurs after extensive bark invasion by the beech scale insect, "Cryptococcus fagisuga". Through a presently unknown mechanism, excessive feeding by this insect causes two different fungi ("Neonectria faginata" (previously "Nectria coccinea var. faginata") and "Neonectria ditissima" (previously "Nectria galligena")) to produce annual cankers on the bark of the tree. The continuous formation of lesions around the tree eventually girdles it, resulting in canopy death. In Europe, "N. coccinea" is the primary