Electropositive shark repellent Atlantic longlining vessels in 2008. As expected, teleosts (bony fish) are not repelled by the electropositive metal’s cation liberation in seawater. This is because teleosts lack the ampullae of Lorenzini. Teleost response was confirmed using captive Cobia ("Rachycentron canadum") and Pacific halibut ("Hippoglossus stenolepis"). In July 2008 swordfish ("Xiphias gladius") catch was reported on experimental hooks treated with electropositive metal. As with all shark repellents, 100% effectiveness will not be achieved with electropositive metals. The metals are particularly effective when the shark is relying on its electrosense. It is likely that electropositive metals are ineffective for deliberately stimulated (chummed) sharks,
Flying fish striking their prey. The oldest known fossil of a flying or gliding fish, "Potanichthys xingyiensis", dates back to the Middle Triassic, 235–242 million years ago. However, this fossil is not related to modern flying fish, which evolved independently about 66 million years ago. The term Exocoetidae is both the scientific name and the general name in Latin for a flying fish. The suffix "-idae", common for indicating a family, follows the root of the Latin word "", a transliteration of the Ancient Greek name . This means literally "sleeping outside", from "outside" and "bed", "resting place", verb root κει- "to