Cinchona lost their plants when a wave took them off their ship. The Dutch sent Justus Hasskarl who brought plants that were then cultivated in Java from 1854. The English explorer Clements Markham went to collect plants that were introduced in Sri Lanka and the Nilgiris of southern India in 1860. The main species introduced were "Cinchona succirubra" or red bark, as its sap turned red on contact with air, and "Cinchona calisaya". The alkaloids quinine and cinchonine were extracted by Pelletier and Caventou in 1820. Later two more key alkaloids, quinidine and cinchonidine were identified and it became a routine
Quercus leucotrichophora to October. Naturally, it regenerates via seeds. "Quercus leucotrichophora" is distributed in Northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In Nepal, it naturally occurs at 1500–2700 m in forested areas in association with "Rhododendron arboreum". In the Himalayas, "Quercus leucotrichophora" is lopped for fodder from December to June. Its wood is used in building purposes and as a good fuel. The acorns are edible, and the seeds can be roasted to make a coffee substitute. "Quercus leucotrichophora" also has uses in ethnomedicine, the gum being used for treating colds and as an analgesic. The tree is affected with many