Electropositive shark repellent Atlantic longlining vessels in 2008. As expected, teleosts (bony fish) are not repelled by the electropositive metal’s cation liberation in seawater. This is because teleosts lack the ampullae of Lorenzini. Teleost response was confirmed using captive Cobia ("Rachycentron canadum") and Pacific halibut ("Hippoglossus stenolepis"). In July 2008 swordfish ("Xiphias gladius") catch was reported on experimental hooks treated with electropositive metal. As with all shark repellents, 100% effectiveness will not be achieved with electropositive metals. The metals are particularly effective when the shark is relying on its electrosense. It is likely that electropositive metals are ineffective for deliberately stimulated (chummed) sharks,
The World Is Flat that is flat, but Thomas Friedman's 'brain' is flat". Some critics have pointed out that the book is written from an American perspective. Friedman's work history has been mostly with "The New York Times", and that may have influenced the way the book was written – some would have preferred a book written in a more "inclusive voice". Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz has been critical of Friedman's book: Richard Florida expresses similar views in his 2005 "Atlantic" article "The World Is Spiky". John Gray, formerly a School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political