Abundance of the chemical elements of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure. The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%,
Nucleate boiling formula_6 is the Prandtl number of the liquid. The bubble Reynolds number, formula_7 is defined as, formula_8 Where formula_9 is the average mass velocity of the vapor leaving the surface and formula_10 is the liquid viscosity. Rohsenow has developed the first and most widely used correlation for nucleate boiling, <math>\frac{q}{A}= Nucleate boiling Nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when