Semi-periphery countries Brazil, South Africa, and Mexico, and countries with valuable energy resources, like Iran and Saudi Arabia, can utilize the strategy of seizing the chance. The strategy of promotion by invitation can be utilized by countries willing to be open to foreign governmental and regional administrative centers. Examples of past countries to utilize this strategy are the capitalist regimes in Africa like Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Zaire, Senegal, and Côte d'Ivoire. These countries use dependent development to integrate into the world economy and establish local dominance. Outside of these strategies is that of self-reliance, a basic theory that as some countries grow,
ECOWAS Policy on Science and Technology (ECOPOST) the field of research. ECOWAS was barely more visible in the second "African Innovation Outlook", with just six countries contributing data on research and development out of 19 across the continent: Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Ghana, Mali, Senegal and Togo. Nigeria was totally absent and only Ghana and Senegal provided a full set of data for all four performance sectors. Subregional training workshops were organized for countries by ECOWAS in 2013 and 2014 on science, technology and innovation indicators and how to draft research proposals. ECOWAS has taken other steps recently to tackle the lack of technological impact of the