Abundance of the chemical elements of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure. The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%,
Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.49%, is water. Boiling Springs gets its name from the natural artesian well springs located in and around the town. Boiling Springs ranks seventh in size of springs in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. About of water flows per day from a total of 30 springs dotted across approximately . The impression of "boiling" does not result from the temperature of the water, which stays at year-round, but rather from a unique hydrogeological feature. Two vertical diabase dikes, made up of highly impermeable