Bald-faced hornet from mid-April to early October, and reproductives were produced from mid-July through the end of November. Onset of male output usually precedes that of queen output in social wasps, however here "D. maculata" is an exception to this trend. Energy investment by workers required to produce reproductives is considerable. Newly emerged males and queens are no more functional than pupae; both depend heavily on solid prey brought in by workers, thus competing with larvae for food resources. As a result, worker quantity must remain high in order to maintain reproductive output. Workers must maintain food stores and defend the nest,
Insect diuretic hormones The complex is only present in lepidopteran larvae and some beetle species. Little is known about the hormonal control of fluid uptake by the cryptonephric complex, which is certain to play an important role in the species in which it occurs. First three letters of genus added to first two letters of the species name. For example, a 37-residue diuretic peptide from Tenebrio molitor will be named Tenmo-DH37. Insect diuretic hormones Insect diuretic hormones are hormones that regulate water balance through diuretic action. The insect excretory system, responsible for regulating water balance in the insect, comprises the Malpighian tubules and