Luna (goddess) as Juno Covella, Juno of the crescent moon. Both Juno and Diana were invoked as childbirth goddesses with the epithet "Lucina". Luna is often depicted driving a two-yoke chariot called a "biga", drawn by horses or oxen. In Roman art, the charioteer Luna is regularly paired with the Sun driving a four-horse chariot ("quadriga"). Isidore of Seville explains that the "quadriga" represents the sun's course through the four seasons, while the "biga" represents the moon, "because it travels on a twin course with the sun, or because it is visible both by day and by night—for they yoke together one
Dynamics of the celestial spheres following the Ash'ari doctrine of atomism, which maintained that all physical effects were caused directly by God's will rather than by natural causes. He maintained that the celestial spheres were "imaginary things" and "more tenuous than a spider's web". His views were challenged by al-Jurjani (1339–1413), who argued that even if the celestial spheres "do not have an external reality, yet they are things that are correctly imagined and correspond to what [exists] in actuality". In the Early Middle Ages, Plato's picture of the heavens was dominant among European philosophers, which led Christian thinkers to question the role and nature