Shining Path birthday celebration for Guzmán in Lurigancho prison in December 1990. "Without Presidente Gonzalo, we would have nothing." At the same time, the Shining Path suffered embarrassing military defeats to self-defense organizations of rural "campesinos" — supposedly its social base. When Guzmán called for peace talks, the organization fractured into splinter groups, with some Shining Path members in favor of such talks and others opposed. Guzmán's role as the leader of the Shining Path was taken over by Óscar Ramírez, who himself was captured by Peruvian authorities in 1999. After Ramírez's capture, the group splintered, guerrilla activity diminished sharply, and peace
Communist Party (French Section of the Communist International) of the Region of Madagascar 1936 the newspaper "La Nation malgache" and changed its name to "Le Prolétariat malgache", and on February 5, 1937 it was formally relaunched as the organ of PC(SFIC)RM. On January 23, 1937, a national bureau of the party was formed. The party was dissolved in 1938. Communist Party (French Section of the Communist International) of the Region of Madagascar Communist Party (French Section of the Communist International) of the Region of Madagascar () was formally constituted on August 12, 1936 at a meeting at L'Hôtel Glacier in Tananarive. The formal announcement of the formation of the party came after ten