Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded an amoral social climber who attempts to seduce "Squire Booby" while feigning innocence to manipulate him into marrying her. In this version, the author works to invalidate Pamela by pointing out the incongruities between characters and the overall plot of the story. This version suggests that she was not really as virtuous as she may have seemed to be. Another important satire was "The Anti-Pamela; or Feign’d Innocence Detected" (1741) by Eliza Haywood. Although not technically a satire, the Marquis de Sade's "Justine" is generally perceived as a critical response to Pamela, due in part to its subtitle, "The Misfortunes
Paris in the 18th century same professional corporation as barbers, and required no special training. In 1731, they established the first Society of Surgeons, and in 1743, a university medical degree was required to practice surgery. In 1748, the Society of Surgeons became the Academy of Surgery. The lawyers followed the same path; at the beginning of the 18th century, the University of Paris taught only church law. In the 1730s, the lawyers formed their own association and began to provide formal professional training in civil law. Forty-three percent of Parisian property owners were merchants or belonged to the liberal professions; thirty percent were shopkeepers