Fallopia japonica typical to see much smaller plants in places where they sprout through cracks in the pavement or are repeatedly cut down. The leaves are broad oval with a truncated base, long and broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are small, cream or white, produced in erect racemes long in late summer and early autumn. Closely related species include giant knotweed ("Fallopia sachalinensis", syn. "Polygonum sachalinense") and Russian vine ("Fallopia baldschuanica", "Polygonum baldschuanicum"). Other English names for Japanese knotweed include fleeceflower, Himalayan fleece vine, monkeyweed, monkey fungus, Hancock's curse, elephant ears, pea shooters, donkey rhubarb (although it is not a
Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer transferred than operational genes. It has been proposed that informational genes are part of larger, more conglomerate systems, while operational genes are less complex, allowing them to be horizontally transferred at higher frequencies. The hypothesis incorporates the "continual hypothesis", which states that horizontal gene transfer is constantly occurring in operational genes. Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer could take place during plant infection. There are many possible vectors, such as plant–fungus–insect interactions. The ability for fungi to infect other organisms provides this possible pathway. A fungus–plant pathway has been demonstrated in rice ("Oryza sativa") through ancestral lineages. A phylogeny was constructed from