Abundance of the chemical elements of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure. The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%,
Boiling Point (1998 miniseries) participation in the dinner made at the Palace of Versailles on 11 July 1998 to celebrate the closing of the 1998 World Cup and features young chefs Marcus Wareing and Mark Sargeant at the early stages of their careers, as well as mentor Marco Pierre White. "Boiling Point" was the first mass exposure of Ramsay to television audiences, revealing his highly driven, impatient and hot tempered personality which has become his trademark. The series was followed-up in 2000 by a six-part LWT miniseries, "Beyond Boiling Point", again produced by Graham (this time with Paul Denchfield and Lucy Leveugle) for LWT,