Electropositive shark repellent Atlantic longlining vessels in 2008. As expected, teleosts (bony fish) are not repelled by the electropositive metal’s cation liberation in seawater. This is because teleosts lack the ampullae of Lorenzini. Teleost response was confirmed using captive Cobia ("Rachycentron canadum") and Pacific halibut ("Hippoglossus stenolepis"). In July 2008 swordfish ("Xiphias gladius") catch was reported on experimental hooks treated with electropositive metal. As with all shark repellents, 100% effectiveness will not be achieved with electropositive metals. The metals are particularly effective when the shark is relying on its electrosense. It is likely that electropositive metals are ineffective for deliberately stimulated (chummed) sharks,
Georgetown University Center for Latin American Studies Foreign Service and given its current name. Dr. Arturo Valenzuela, as director, oversaw the transition of the Latin American Studies Program into the Center for Latin American Studies. The current director is Dr. Marc Chernick. A major project of CLAS is the Political Database of the Americas, which centralizes information about the constitutions, governments, and political processes of countries within Latin America. The Center for Latin American Studies offers a master of arts degree in Latin American studies in addition to graduate and undergraduate certificates. It also offers joint degrees with the Georgetown Law Center and Graduate School of Arts