Quinine the Quechua, who are indigenous to Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, to halt shivering due to low temperatures. The Quechuas would mix the ground bark of cinchona trees with sweetened water to offset the bark's bitter taste, thus producing tonic water. The Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spanish were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by the 1570s or earlier: Nicolás Monardes (1571) and Juan Fragoso (1572) both described a tree that was subsequently identified as the cinchona tree and whose bark was used to produce a drink to treat diarrhea. Quinine has been
Quercus leucotrichophora to October. Naturally, it regenerates via seeds. "Quercus leucotrichophora" is distributed in Northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In Nepal, it naturally occurs at 1500–2700 m in forested areas in association with "Rhododendron arboreum". In the Himalayas, "Quercus leucotrichophora" is lopped for fodder from December to June. Its wood is used in building purposes and as a good fuel. The acorns are edible, and the seeds can be roasted to make a coffee substitute. "Quercus leucotrichophora" also has uses in ethnomedicine, the gum being used for treating colds and as an analgesic. The tree is affected with many