Cinchona ledgeriana" had a yield of 8 to 13 percent quinine in bark grown in Dutch Indonesia which effectively out-competed the British Indian production. It was only later that the English saw the value and sought to obtain the seeds of "C. ledgeriana" from the Dutch. During World War II, the Japanese conquered Java and the United States lost access to the cinchona plantations that supplied war-critical quinine medication. Botanical expeditions – called Cinchona Missions – were launched in 1942-1944 to explore promising areas of South America in an effort to locate cinchona species that contained quinine and could be harvested
Quercus leucotrichophora to October. Naturally, it regenerates via seeds. "Quercus leucotrichophora" is distributed in Northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In Nepal, it naturally occurs at 1500–2700 m in forested areas in association with "Rhododendron arboreum". In the Himalayas, "Quercus leucotrichophora" is lopped for fodder from December to June. Its wood is used in building purposes and as a good fuel. The acorns are edible, and the seeds can be roasted to make a coffee substitute. "Quercus leucotrichophora" also has uses in ethnomedicine, the gum being used for treating colds and as an analgesic. The tree is affected with many