Quinine the Quechua, who are indigenous to Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, to halt shivering due to low temperatures. The Quechuas would mix the ground bark of cinchona trees with sweetened water to offset the bark's bitter taste, thus producing tonic water. The Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spanish were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by the 1570s or earlier: Nicolás Monardes (1571) and Juan Fragoso (1572) both described a tree that was subsequently identified as the cinchona tree and whose bark was used to produce a drink to treat diarrhea. Quinine has been
Naturally aspirated engine Naturally aspirated engine A naturally aspirated engine is an internal combustion engine in which oxygen intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not rely on forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger. Many sports cars specifically use naturally aspirated engines to avoid turbo lag. In a naturally aspirated engine, air for combustion (diesel cycle in a diesel engine or specific types of Otto cycle in petrol engines—namely petrol direct injection), or an air/fuel mixture (traditional Otto cycle petrol engines)—is drawn into the engine’s cylinders by atmospheric pressure acting against a partial vacuum that occurs as the piston travels