French philosophy for René Descartes' oeuvre. Modern philosophy began in France with the philosophy of René Descartes (1596–1650). His "Meditations on First Philosophy" changed the primary object of philosophical thought from ontology to epistemology and overcame the Aristotelian dogmatism inherited in philosophy from Scholasticism, the dominant form of thought in preceding centuries, while simultaneously raising some of the most fundamental problems for future generations of philosophers. René Descartes was concerned with the uncertainty in the sciences and the radical scepticism which spread across Europe when publications of Sextus Empiricus became available. Descartes desired to find indubitable ground on which all the sciences
Freud and Philosophy about symbols explored in his earlier work "The Symbolism of Evil" (1960). One of Ricœur's most noted works, "Freud and Philosophy" has been compared to the philosopher Herbert Marcuse's "Eros and Civilization" (1955), the classicist Norman O. Brown's "Life Against Death" (1959), the sociologist Philip Rieff's "" (1959), and the philosopher Jürgen Habermas's "Knowledge and Human Interests" (1968). Commentators have praised Ricœur's discussion of Freud's theories, his exploration of usually neglected aspects of Freud's work, and his discussion of phenomenology. Ricœur's suggestion that Freud, Marx, and Nietzsche form a "school of suspicion" has become famous. However, "Freud and Philosophy" became