Modern philosophy will determine the scope of one's use of "modern philosophy." How much of Renaissance intellectual history is part of modern philosophy is disputed: the Early Renaissance is often considered less modern and more medieval compared to the later High Renaissance. By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups. The "Rationalists," mostly in France and Germany, argued all knowledge must begin from certain "innate ideas" in the mind. Major rationalists were Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Nicolas Malebranche. The "Empiricists," by contrast, held that knowledge
Nietzsche and Philosophy philosopher Hans Sluga identifies "Nietzsche and Philosophy" as a possible influence on the philosopher Michel Foucault: he suggests that the work helped Foucault to discover Nietzsche as a "genealogical thinker, the philosopher of the will to power." Che-ming Yang describes "Nietzsche and Philosophy" as "one of Deleuze's masterpieces which highlights that the reading of Nietzsche is central to his own philosophical project". Axel Pérez Trujillo discussed the book in "Estudios Nietzsche: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Estudios sobre Friedrich Nietzsche". Nietzsche and Philosophy Nietzsche and Philosophy () is a 1962 book about Friedrich Nietzsche by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze,