Western philosophy is part of modern philosophy is disputed. The term "modern philosophy" has multiple usages. For example, Thomas Hobbes is sometimes considered the first modern philosopher because he applied a systematic method to political philosophy. By contrast, René Descartes is often considered the first modern philosopher because he grounded his philosophy in problems of "knowledge", rather than problems of metaphysics. Modern philosophy and especially Enlightenment philosophy is distinguished by its increasing independence from traditional authorities such as the Church, academia, and Aristotelianism; a new focus on the foundations of knowledge and metaphysical system-building; and the emergence of modern physics out of
Freud and Philosophy psychoanalysts or psychologists would accept them. The critic Frederick Crews commented in "Out of My System" (1975) that "school of suspicion" was an apt term for Ricœur's grouping of Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud. The philosopher Vincent Descombes noted in "Modern French Philosophy" (1979) that "Freud and Philosophy" led to "polemic between the Lacanians" and Ricœur. John B. Thompson described "Freud and Philosophy" as a "well-known and justly acclaimed study of Freud" in his introduction to Ricœur's "Hermeneutics and the human sciences" (1981). He compared Ricœur's views to Lacan's, writing that despite differences between the two, both accepted the "irreducible role