Modern philosophy will determine the scope of one's use of "modern philosophy." How much of Renaissance intellectual history is part of modern philosophy is disputed: the Early Renaissance is often considered less modern and more medieval compared to the later High Renaissance. By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups. The "Rationalists," mostly in France and Germany, argued all knowledge must begin from certain "innate ideas" in the mind. Major rationalists were Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Nicolas Malebranche. The "Empiricists," by contrast, held that knowledge
Peter Osborne (philosopher) entitled: "Imaginary Radicalisms: Notes on the Libertarianism of Contemporary Art". In 2013, Osborne published "Anywhere or Not at All: Philosophy of Contemporary Art," which develops the speculative claim "contemporary art is post-conceptual art". Research Seminar: Russian Avant-garde Revisited (See also the discussion) Research Congress: Expect the Unexpected: Once more on the Horizon of Expectation (discussion) Peter Osborne (philosopher) Peter Osborne (born 1958) is Professor of Modern European Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP), Kingston University, London. He is also an editor of the journal "Radical Philosophy". Osborne graduated from the University of Bristol