Modern philosophy will determine the scope of one's use of "modern philosophy." How much of Renaissance intellectual history is part of modern philosophy is disputed: the Early Renaissance is often considered less modern and more medieval compared to the later High Renaissance. By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups. The "Rationalists," mostly in France and Germany, argued all knowledge must begin from certain "innate ideas" in the mind. Major rationalists were Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Nicolas Malebranche. The "Empiricists," by contrast, held that knowledge
Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up is a 2009 book by the American philosopher Irving Singer, in which the author summarizes and expands upon the themes of his earlier three-volume works "The Nature of Love" (1984–1987) and "Meaning in Life" (1992–1996). The book, which has been described as an "intellectual biography" by its author, received positive reviews. "Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up" was published by MIT Press. "Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up" received positive reviews from the philosopher Leslie Armour in "Library Journal", and in "Publishers Weekly". The book was also reviewed