Western philosophy is part of modern philosophy is disputed. The term "modern philosophy" has multiple usages. For example, Thomas Hobbes is sometimes considered the first modern philosopher because he applied a systematic method to political philosophy. By contrast, René Descartes is often considered the first modern philosopher because he grounded his philosophy in problems of "knowledge", rather than problems of metaphysics. Modern philosophy and especially Enlightenment philosophy is distinguished by its increasing independence from traditional authorities such as the Church, academia, and Aristotelianism; a new focus on the foundations of knowledge and metaphysical system-building; and the emergence of modern physics out of
Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up is a 2009 book by the American philosopher Irving Singer, in which the author summarizes and expands upon the themes of his earlier three-volume works "The Nature of Love" (1984–1987) and "Meaning in Life" (1992–1996). The book, which has been described as an "intellectual biography" by its author, received positive reviews. "Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up" was published by MIT Press. "Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up" received positive reviews from the philosopher Leslie Armour in "Library Journal", and in "Publishers Weekly". The book was also reviewed