Frank Erhart Emmanuel Germann through eight editions between 1938 and 1985. His most influential textbook was "College Chemistry" (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1952, 1958, 1965). A popular trimmed version was "Essentials of College Chemistry" (Prentice-Hall, 1960). Charles Franklin Metz, another Germann graduate student (M.S. 1928, Ph.D. 1936), was one of the twelve scientists who conducted the world’s first firing of a nuclear weapon, the “Trinity” test on New Mexico’s Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on Monday, July 16, 1945. On Monday, August 6, 1945, a nuclear bomb was detonated over Hiroshima, Japan. Later that week, on Thursday, August 9, 1945, a nuclear bomb
Mark 4 nuclear bomb Mark 4 nuclear bomb The Mark 4 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb design produced starting in 1949 and in use until 1953. The Mark 4 was based on the earlier Mark 3 Fat Man design, used in the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki. The Mark 3 was essentially handmade and constituted an emergency wartime expedient design; the Mark 4 utilized essentially the same basic principles (materials, dimensions of the nuclear core and explosive components) but reengineered the overarching system to be safer and easier to produce. The basic idea was to "GI-proof" otherwise sensitive nuclear weapons.