Modern philosophy will determine the scope of one's use of "modern philosophy." How much of Renaissance intellectual history is part of modern philosophy is disputed: the Early Renaissance is often considered less modern and more medieval compared to the later High Renaissance. By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups. The "Rationalists," mostly in France and Germany, argued all knowledge must begin from certain "innate ideas" in the mind. Major rationalists were Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Nicolas Malebranche. The "Empiricists," by contrast, held that knowledge
Freud and Philosophy about symbols explored in his earlier work "The Symbolism of Evil" (1960). One of Ricœur's most noted works, "Freud and Philosophy" has been compared to the philosopher Herbert Marcuse's "Eros and Civilization" (1955), the classicist Norman O. Brown's "Life Against Death" (1959), the sociologist Philip Rieff's "" (1959), and the philosopher Jürgen Habermas's "Knowledge and Human Interests" (1968). Commentators have praised Ricœur's discussion of Freud's theories, his exploration of usually neglected aspects of Freud's work, and his discussion of phenomenology. Ricœur's suggestion that Freud, Marx, and Nietzsche form a "school of suspicion" has become famous. However, "Freud and Philosophy" became