Early modern philosophy Early modern philosophy Early modern philosophy (also classical modern philosophy) is a period in the history of philosophy at the beginning or overlapping with the period known as modern philosophy. The early modern period in history is roughly 1500–1789, but the label "early modern philosophy" is usually used to refer to a more specific period of time. In the narrowest sense, the term is used to refer principally to the philosophy of the 17th century, posited to have begun with René Descartes; to have included Thomas Hobbes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza; and to have ended with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and
Freud and Philosophy about symbols explored in his earlier work "The Symbolism of Evil" (1960). One of Ricœur's most noted works, "Freud and Philosophy" has been compared to the philosopher Herbert Marcuse's "Eros and Civilization" (1955), the classicist Norman O. Brown's "Life Against Death" (1959), the sociologist Philip Rieff's "" (1959), and the philosopher Jürgen Habermas's "Knowledge and Human Interests" (1968). Commentators have praised Ricœur's discussion of Freud's theories, his exploration of usually neglected aspects of Freud's work, and his discussion of phenomenology. Ricœur's suggestion that Freud, Marx, and Nietzsche form a "school of suspicion" has become famous. However, "Freud and Philosophy" became