Independence Act of Panama 10 November 1821, rebels throughout the Panamanian countryside began demanding independence. Using bribes to quell resistance from the Spanish troops and garner their desertion, the rebels gained control of Panama City without bloodshed. An open meeting was held with merchants, landowners, and elites, who fearing retaliation from Spain and interruption of trade decided to join the Republic of Gran Colombia and drafted the Independence Act of Panama. The Declaration of Independence was drafted on 28 November 1821 by the educator and diplomat Manuel José Hurtado and consisted of twelve articles. The text is as follows: José Vallarino Jiménez was chosen
Independence Day Reception (Finland) menu. In the young republic neither the presidential institution nor the independence day reception were not yet traditionalised at the beginning of the 1930s. Example of this is that in the year 1931 the reception was not held due to the 70th birthday of president P. E. Svinhufvud happening in the same month. In 1932 the reception was skipped due to the state visit of the Swedish crown prince. The reception in 1933 during the Great Depression was cancelled due to the lack of ingredients needed for preparing the banquet, which also could be taken as show of solidarity to