President of Germany Roman Herzog, Johannes Rau, Christian Wulff, Joachim Gauck and Frank-Walter Steinmeier (as yet) have signed and promulgated all bills during their respective terms. The president represents Germany in the world (Art. 59 Basic Law), undertakes foreign visits and receives foreign dignitaries. They also conclude treaties with foreign nations (which do not come into effect until affirmed by the Bundestag), accredit German diplomats and receive the letters of accreditation of foreign diplomats. According to Article 60 (2) of the German Constitution, the president has the power to pardon. This means the president "has the authority to revoke or commute penal or
Section 51(xxvii) of the Constitution of Australia "Immigration Act 1901–1920" (Cth) to show cause why they should not be deported from Australia. The plaintiffs contended that s 8A was not authorised by s 51(xxvii) of the Constitution on five grounds, three of which concerned the content of the migration power. (The other two grounds concerned federal judicial power and executive power.) The High Court dismissed all five grounds. First, it was established that British subjects were "immigrants" for the purpose of s 51(xxvii). Secondly, the Court extended that proposition to temporary immigrants who did not intend to settle in Australia. Third, the Court adopted an expansive view