Egyptians nationalist sentiment reached a high point after the 1906 Dinshaway Incident, when following an altercation between a group of British soldiers and Egyptian farmers, four of the farmers were hanged while others were condemned to public flogging. Dinshaway, a watershed in the history of Egyptian anti-colonial resistance, galvanized Egyptian opposition against the British, culminating in the founding of the first two political parties in Egypt: the secular, liberal "Umma" (the Nation, 1907) headed by Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, and the more radical, pro-Islamic "Watani" Party (National Party, 1908) headed by Mustafa Kamil. Lutfi was born to a family of farmers in
Women in the military by country women an equitable share of the leadership positions in the military. In 2011 almost 26.6% of the uniformed services of the South African National Defence Force consisted of women. Military of the Gambia have no gender conscription and women are free to volunteer for the armed forces. In 2011 the first female army general was decorated in the Gambia. Mandatory Military Service is required for all Tunisian women since March 2003. Tunisia is the first Arab country to conscript women. All roles in the Australian Defence Force are open to women. The first women became involved with the Australian armed