President of Germany Roman Herzog, Johannes Rau, Christian Wulff, Joachim Gauck and Frank-Walter Steinmeier (as yet) have signed and promulgated all bills during their respective terms. The president represents Germany in the world (Art. 59 Basic Law), undertakes foreign visits and receives foreign dignitaries. They also conclude treaties with foreign nations (which do not come into effect until affirmed by the Bundestag), accredit German diplomats and receive the letters of accreditation of foreign diplomats. According to Article 60 (2) of the German Constitution, the president has the power to pardon. This means the president "has the authority to revoke or commute penal or
Minister president (Germany) eight Chancellors of Germany have been head of a state before becoming Chancellor: One out of nine Presidents of the Federal Constitutional Court has been head of a state before becoming President: Many more Ministers President went on to become members of the federal government, EU institutions or associate judges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example. There have been seven female heads of a German state (one of them only acting): One person has managed to become minister president of two different states, which did not merge into one another: Two persons have been ministers president of