Mensural notation recoverable from the modern text. While 19th and early 20th century editions of Renaissance music often preserved the large note values of the originals, including breves and longs, most modern editions will use scaled-down note values in order to match modern reading habits regarding tempo and beat structure. For 16th century music, a frequent scheme is diminution by a factor of 2 (i.e., rendering semibreves as modern minims), in a modern "alla breve" bar. Older music might be diminished by a factor of 4 (rendering semibreves as crotchets) or sometimes 8 (rendering breves as crotchets). For 13th-century pieces, diminution by
Time value of money growth and true perpetual cash flow generation. Despite these qualifications, the general approach may be used in valuations of real estate, equities, and other assets. This is the well known Gordon Growth model used for stock valuation. The future value (after "n" periods) of an annuity (FVA) formula has four variables, each of which can be solved for by numerical methods: To get the FV of an annuity due, multiply the above equation by (1 + i). The future value (after "n" periods) of a growing annuity (FVA) formula has five variables, each of which can be solved for by