Ghost note (of Motown), Rocco Prestia (for Tower of Power), and Chuck Rainey (for Steely Dan, Aretha Franklin, and others) all include "tons of ghost notes done right" in their playing. In vocal music, especially in musical theater, a ghost note represents that the lyrics must be spoken rather than sung, retaining the marked rhythm but having indeterminate pitch. Notes with value less than a half note use an "X" instead of an oval as a note head. Occasionally a half note or whole note is represented with an open diamond note head, often representing a scream or grunt. As an extreme
Time value of money the contributions of "FV", the value of cash flow at time "t": Note that this series can be summed for a given value of "n", or when "n" is ∞. This is a very general formula, which leads to several important special cases given below. In this case the cash flow values remain the same throughout the "n" periods. The present value of an annuity (PVA) formula has four variables, each of which can be solved for by numerical methods: To get the PV of an annuity due, multiply the above equation by (1 + "i"). In this case each