Cardinal protector of England the thirteen episcopal vacancies in England. Queen Mary I of England briefly reconciled with Rome and appointed Reginald Pole as archbishop of Canterbury. However, "papal restoration in England was doomed even before it was accomplished" when Mary I married Philip II of Spain. In 1555, Pope Paul IV named a new cardinal protector, Giovanni Morone, but the queen did not confirm the nomination and Campeggio remained the last cardinal protector "chosen by the crown". Meanwhile, loyalty to the pope became a defining feature of the movement for Irish nationalism and bishops appointed by the pope garnered a larger following than
Mary of Avesnes Mary of Avesnes Marie of Hainaut (1280–1354) was the daughter of John II, Count of Holland and Philippa of Luxembourg, her brother was William I, Count of Hainaut. Her nieces by her brother William were Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut who married Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor; and Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England, who married Edward III and was the mother of nine surviving children including Edward, the Black, Prince of Wales, father of Richard II, and John of Gaunt, father of Henry IV, and founder of the House of Lancaster. In 1310 Mary married Louis I, Duke of