Egyptians nationalist sentiment reached a high point after the 1906 Dinshaway Incident, when following an altercation between a group of British soldiers and Egyptian farmers, four of the farmers were hanged while others were condemned to public flogging. Dinshaway, a watershed in the history of Egyptian anti-colonial resistance, galvanized Egyptian opposition against the British, culminating in the founding of the first two political parties in Egypt: the secular, liberal "Umma" (the Nation, 1907) headed by Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, and the more radical, pro-Islamic "Watani" Party (National Party, 1908) headed by Mustafa Kamil. Lutfi was born to a family of farmers in
Military aid to the civil power as the 1949 Australian coal strike and the 1989 Australian pilots' dispute, under the "safeguarding of its interests" provisions. Canada has provisions, similar to the UK's Military Aid to the Civil Authorities, for military aid to the civil power inscribed in its National Defence Act, an historical inheritance from its days as a British dominion. However, the application is significantly different due to the federal nature of Canada, where the maintenance of "law and order" is the exclusive right and responsibility of the provinces. The political authority empowered to requisition military aid is therefore the Solicitor General of the affected