Ghost note (of Motown), Rocco Prestia (for Tower of Power), and Chuck Rainey (for Steely Dan, Aretha Franklin, and others) all include "tons of ghost notes done right" in their playing. In vocal music, especially in musical theater, a ghost note represents that the lyrics must be spoken rather than sung, retaining the marked rhythm but having indeterminate pitch. Notes with value less than a half note use an "X" instead of an oval as a note head. Occasionally a half note or whole note is represented with an open diamond note head, often representing a scream or grunt. As an extreme
Time value of money growth and true perpetual cash flow generation. Despite these qualifications, the general approach may be used in valuations of real estate, equities, and other assets. This is the well known Gordon Growth model used for stock valuation. The future value (after "n" periods) of an annuity (FVA) formula has four variables, each of which can be solved for by numerical methods: To get the FV of an annuity due, multiply the above equation by (1 + i). The future value (after "n" periods) of a growing annuity (FVA) formula has five variables, each of which can be solved for by