Mieszko I of Poland elders, and limited their authority. Clergy who arrived in the country contributed to the development of education and culture, and of the state administration and diplomacy, as well. At the end of Mieszko's reign (ca. 990), Poland began to pay tribute to the pope (Peter's Pence). However, the conversion of the Polish population to Catholicism was a long-term process, and was not completed during the reign of Mieszko I. The duke probably had to deal with rebellions led by the old pagan priest caste. In some villages, the old Slavic beliefs and customs were continued until the 16th century. After
Mieszko the Younger point, Mieszko III decided to give the district of Kalisz to his youngest son and namesake, as his own Duchy. Mieszko the Younger died on 2 August 1193. He was buried in the crypt founded by his father in the Cathedral of St. Paul the Apostle in Kalisz. Tombstones of Mieszko the Younger and Mieszko III were found during archaeological excavations during 1958–1960. For unknown reasons, Mieszko never married or had children. On his death, Mieszko III give Kalisz to his eldest son Odon. Mieszko the Younger Mieszko the Younger (also known as of Kalisz) () (between 1160 and 1165