Ghost note (of Motown), Rocco Prestia (for Tower of Power), and Chuck Rainey (for Steely Dan, Aretha Franklin, and others) all include "tons of ghost notes done right" in their playing. In vocal music, especially in musical theater, a ghost note represents that the lyrics must be spoken rather than sung, retaining the marked rhythm but having indeterminate pitch. Notes with value less than a half note use an "X" instead of an oval as a note head. Occasionally a half note or whole note is represented with an open diamond note head, often representing a scream or grunt. As an extreme
Time value of money multiply the PV of an ordinary annuity by (1 + "i"). The following formula use these common variables: The future value ("FV") formula is similar and uses the same variables. The present value formula is the core formula for the time value of money; each of the other formulae is derived from this formula. For example, the annuity formula is the sum of a series of present value calculations. The present value ("PV") formula has four variables, each of which can be solved for by numerical methods: The cumulative present value of future cash flows can be calculated by summing