Solar zenith angle minutes of arc, which is less than the apparent angular radius of the sun. The formula also neglects the effect of atmospheric refraction. Sunset and sunrise occur (approximately) when the zenith angle is 90°, where the hour angle "h" satisfies Precise times of sunset and sunrise occur when the upper limb of the Sun appears, as refracted by the atmosphere, to be on the horizon. A weighted daily average zenith angle, used in computing the local albedo of the Earth, is given by where "Q" is the instantaneous insolation. For example, the solar elevation angle is : An exact calculation
P-90 rather than subtract the signal between the coils; thus, the impedance can be lower, avoiding overwinding to obtain sufficient output. There is less signal cancellation. Sonically these sit somewhere between a true P-90 and a stacked pickup. They don't chime but they aren't nasal or lifeless either. They are ideal candidates for overdriven sounds where loss of sparkle is less important than avoiding hum amplification. These type of pickups have the same appearance of P-90s. The new generation Zero-Hum P-90 Hx by Kinman strives to have a P-90 sound and appearance, but is far more complex, with 202 individual parts.