Berthold Schwarz Berthold Schwarz Berthold Schwarz (sometimes spelled Schwartz), also known as Berthold the Black and "der Schwartzer", was a legendary German (or in some accounts Danish or Greek) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th- through 19th-century European literature. The purported period of Schwarz' activity (late 14th century) thus falls between the first reports of gunpowder in Europe (late 13th century) and the development of effective applications in artillery (mid 15th century). It is unclear whether Schwarz is a historical person. It has been suggested that he was a historical alchemist who had developed
Schwarz Gruppe the past year alone, it invested five billion euro in its store and logistic real estate. Lidl and Kaufland combined now employ 350,000 people. Within a 10-year period prior to 2015, the Schwarz Gruppe had received more than €800 million from the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), amid concern over bad working conditions at Lidl and Kaufland. Schwarz Gruppe Schwarz Gruppe is a private family-owned German retail group that owns and operates the Lidl and Kaufland brands. It is the fourth-largest retailer in the world by revenue. Headquartered in Neckarsulm, Schwarz Gruppe achieved a