J. R. R. Tolkien villain, Gilles de Retz. Incidents in both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" are similar in narrative and style to the novel, and its overall style and imagery have been suggested as an influence on Tolkien. Tolkien was inspired by early Germanic, especially Old English, literature, poetry, and mythology, which were his chosen and much-loved areas of expertise. These sources of inspiration included Old English literature such as "Beowulf", Norse sagas such as the "Volsunga saga" and the "Hervarar saga", the "Poetic Edda", the "Prose Edda", the "Nibelungenlied", and numerous other culturally related works. Despite the similarities of
Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien in the "History of Middle-earth" series, and the "Vinyar Tengwar" and "Parma Eldalamberon" material published at an increasing rate during the early 2000s from the stock of linguistic material in the possession of the appointed team of editors (some 3000 pages according to them), the subject of Tolkien's constructed languages has become much more accessible. David Salo wrote "A Gateway to Sindarin: A Grammar of an Elvish Language from J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings" (University of Utah Press, 2007). Elizabeth Solopova, "Languages, Myth and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J. R. R.