Mononymous person town of Stendal, birthplace of the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, whom Stendhal admired. In the 20th century, a fourth French writer, Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (author of "Gigi", 1945), used her actual surname as her mononym pen name, Colette. Some French actors and singers have used their given name or surname as a stage mononym. In the 17th and 18th centuries, most Italian castrato singers used mononyms as stage names (e.g. Caffarelli, Farinelli). The German writer, mining engineer and philosopher, Georg Friedrich Philipp Freiherr von Hardenberg (1772–1801), became famous as Novalis. The 19th-century Dutch writer Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820–87), better
Gabrielle-Marie Niel Gabrielle-Marie Niel Gabrielle-Marie Niel (1840-1894) was a French etcher. Born in Poligny, Jura, Niel was the daughter of Jules Niel, who was at the time an administrator of the Jura subprefecture. After receiving initial lessons, and advice, from Émile Wattier, a friend of her father's, she studied under Charles Méryon. She is chiefly noted for producing etchings of old Paris and of other cities, as well as images of Italy and Algeria. She first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1866, and continued to work until sometime after 1875.. Her prints show the influence of Meryon in their style. Alfred