Solar zenith angle minutes of arc, which is less than the apparent angular radius of the sun. The formula also neglects the effect of atmospheric refraction. Sunset and sunrise occur (approximately) when the zenith angle is 90°, where the hour angle "h" satisfies Precise times of sunset and sunrise occur when the upper limb of the Sun appears, as refracted by the atmosphere, to be on the horizon. A weighted daily average zenith angle, used in computing the local albedo of the Earth, is given by where "Q" is the instantaneous insolation. For example, the solar elevation angle is : An exact calculation
Less than truckload shipping different people's shipments on a trailer and since each shipment is technically “less than a truckload” they would consider that to be LTL. There are also freight companies who do not specialize in truck loads, but rather, consolidate larger volume shipments from about 2 to 12 pallets (or about 4000 to 24000 pounds) and consider themselves LTL Carriers. Finally, the most commonly referenced LTL is shipped via “common” carriers who handle freight above what would normally ship via FedEx Ground, or UPS or U.S. Mail parcel services (about 150 pounds) to just under what would usually be considered a Truck