Optics principles. For example, the Ames room, Hering, Müller-Lyer, Orbison, Ponzo, Sander, and Wundt illusions all rely on the suggestion of the appearance of distance by using converging and diverging lines, in the same way that parallel light rays (or indeed any set of parallel lines) appear to converge at a vanishing point at infinity in two-dimensionally rendered images with artistic perspective. This suggestion is also responsible for the famous moon illusion where the moon, despite having essentially the same angular size, appears much larger near the horizon than it does at zenith. This illusion so confounded Ptolemy that he incorrectly
Critical point (mathematics) parallel to the y-axis" and the "projection parallel to the x-axis", respectively. A point of is critical for formula_5, if the tangent to exists and is parallel to the "y"-axis. In that case, the images by formula_5 of the critical point and of the tangent are the same point of the "x"-axis, called the critical value. Thus a point is critical for formula_5 if its coordinates are solution of the system of equations This implies that this definition is a special case of the general definition of a critical point, which is given below. The definition of a critical point