Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold The Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (, ""Black, Red, Gold Banner of the Reich"") was an organization in Germany during the Weimar Republic, formed by members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the German Centre Party, and the (liberal) German Democratic Party in 1924. Its goal was to defend parliamentary democracy against internal subversion and extremism from the left and right, to teach the population to respect the new Republic, to honor its flag and the constitution. Its name is derived from the Flag of Germany adopted in 1919, the colors of which were associated with liberal parliamentary democracy and
Frederick August Otto Schwarz shop, and in 1870 he moved his business to Manhattan. He married Caroline Clausen (1841–1904). Together they had three sons and three daughters: Anna Schwarz (1863–?), Ida Schwarz (1864-1942), Henry Schwarz, George Frederick Schwarz (1868–1931), Emilie Schwarz (1870–1958) and H. Marshall Schwarz. Frederick August Otto Schwarz died at his home in Manhattan at 20 East 61st Street. Schwarz is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery. Frederick August Otto Schwarz, Jr. is his great grandson. Frederick August Otto Schwarz Frederick August Otto Schwarz (October 18, 1836 – May 17, 1911) was a German-American toy retailer who started FAO Schwarz. Schwarz was born in