Masonry oven India, tandoors are traditional clay ovens, although these days modern electrically fired tandoors are available. The open-topped tandoor is a transitional design between the earth oven and the Roman-plan masonry oven. In the precolumbian Americas, similar ovens were often made of clay or adobe and are now referred to by the Spanish term "horno" (meaning "oven"). Horns are also traditional in the American Southwest. The traditional direct-fired masonry design is often called a "Roman" or "black" oven and dates in Western culture to at least the Roman Republic. It is known as a black oven because the fire generates soot
Compaction of ceramic powders depending on whether the starting materials involve a gas, a liquid or a solid. Examples of methods involving gases are: chemical vapour deposition, directed metal oxidation and reaction bonding, whereas examples of methods involving liquids are: sol-gel process and polymer pyrolysis. Methods involving solids, and especially powder methods, dominate ceramic forming and are extensively used in the industry. The practical realization of ceramic products by powder methods requires the following steps: ceramic powder production, powder treatment, handling and processing, cold forming, sintering and evaluation of the performance of the final product. Since this process permits an efficient production of parts