Alberto Fujimori surprising upset. He capitalized on profound disenchantment with outgoing president Alan García and the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party (APRA). He exploited popular distrust of Vargas Llosa's identification with the existing Peruvian political establishment, and uncertainty about his plans for neoliberal economic reforms. During the campaign, Fujimori was nicknamed "El Chino", which roughly translates to "Chinaman"; it is common for people of any East Asian descent to be called "chino" in Peru, as elsewhere in Latin America, both derogatively and affectionately. Although he is of Japanese heritage, Fujimori has suggested that he was always gladdened by the term, which he
1990 South American Games at the Central American and Caribbean Games at Ciudad de México taking place almost at the same time, and sent no athletes. Venezuela also preferred to participate at the Central American and Caribbean Games, but sent at least a small contingent of 56 athletes. The medal count for these Games is tabulated below. This table is sorted by the number of gold medals earned by each country. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, and then the number of bronze medals. 1990 South American Games The IV South American Games (Spanish: "Juegos Sudamericanos"; Portuguese: "Jogos Sul-Americanos") were