Pronation of the foot with many overuse injuries in running including medial tibial stress syndrome, or shin splints, and knee pain Hintermann states, “Individuals with injuries typically have pronation movement that is about two to four degrees greater than that of those with no injuries.” He adds however, that between 40% and 50% of runners who overpronate do not have overuse injuries. This suggests that although pronation may have an effect on certain injuries, it is not the only factor influencing their development. The design principles of foot orthoses are founded on knowledge of the functional anatomy of the foot. Pronation of the foot
Triple tibial osteotomy required for the TPLO and 9-12mm of tibial tuberosity advancement with the TTA. Return to normal function is rapid, with most dogs having good use of the leg and a normal appearing gait within 3–4 months; long-term progression of arthritis is minimal. Triple tibial osteotomy The triple tibial osteotomy (TTO) is a surgical procedure used to treat dogs that have completely or partially ruptured the cranial cruciate ligament in one or both of their stifles. The cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) is a ligament connecting the femur with the tibia, which functions to stabilise the canine stifle joint from the forces