Irrational Man (1883-1891) Nietzsche's "most lyrical book" and "the expression of the loneliest Nietzsche." Finally, Barrett applies existentialist thought to the world of the late 1950s, during the Cold War. "Irrational Man" includes two appendices, "Negation, Finitude, and the Nature of Man", which reprints a 1957 paper by Barrett, and "Existence and Analytic Philosophers", a highly technical discussion of existentialism in relation to analytic philosophy. "Irrational Man" was first published in 1958 by Doubleday & Company, Inc. Later editions include those published by Greenwood Press, Inc. in 1977 and Anchor Books in 1990. "Irrational Man" received a positive review from Robert Jordan
Proof that π is irrational Proof that π is irrational In the 1760's, Johann Heinrich Lambert proved that the number (pi) is irrational: that is, it cannot be expressed as a fraction "a"/"b", where "a" is an integer and "b" is a non-zero integer. In the 19th century, Charles Hermite found a proof that requires no prerequisite knowledge beyond basic calculus. Three simplifications of Hermite's proof are due to Mary Cartwright, Ivan Niven, and Nicolas Bourbaki. Another proof, which is a simplification of Lambert's proof, is due to Miklós Laczkovich. In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that is not just irrational, but transcendental as well.