Solar zenith angle minutes of arc, which is less than the apparent angular radius of the sun. The formula also neglects the effect of atmospheric refraction. Sunset and sunrise occur (approximately) when the zenith angle is 90°, where the hour angle "h" satisfies Precise times of sunset and sunrise occur when the upper limb of the Sun appears, as refracted by the atmosphere, to be on the horizon. A weighted daily average zenith angle, used in computing the local albedo of the Earth, is given by where "Q" is the instantaneous insolation. For example, the solar elevation angle is : An exact calculation
Less-is-better effect of top-quality candy than a box containing those 24 pieces plus 16 lower-quality pieces. If a manufacturer has developed two versions of a product and wishes to know which will be more popular with consumers and should therefore be put on the market, presenting them jointly to the public will enable consumers to evaluate differences between them, while presenting them separately will better predict the consumer's actual experience of the product when and if it is actually put on sale. Less-is-better effect The less-is-better effect is a type of preference reversal that occurs when the lesser or smaller alternative of