Pronation of the foot with many overuse injuries in running including medial tibial stress syndrome, or shin splints, and knee pain Hintermann states, “Individuals with injuries typically have pronation movement that is about two to four degrees greater than that of those with no injuries.” He adds however, that between 40% and 50% of runners who overpronate do not have overuse injuries. This suggests that although pronation may have an effect on certain injuries, it is not the only factor influencing their development. The design principles of foot orthoses are founded on knowledge of the functional anatomy of the foot. Pronation of the foot
Tietze syndrome physical strain or injury, such as repeated coughing, sneezing, vomiting, or impacts to the chest. It has even been known to occur after hearty bouts of laughter. It can occur by overexertion or by an injury or trauma to the thorax. Tietze's syndrome is not thought to be an inherited condition and it affects males and females equally. Psychological stress can exacerbate Tietze's syndrome through chest muscle contraction, but there is no evidence to suggest that it is a direct cause. Patients who have had radiation therapy to the chest/breast will often experience this syndrome which can occur shortly after