Berthold Schwarz Berthold Schwarz Berthold Schwarz (sometimes spelled Schwartz), also known as Berthold the Black and "der Schwartzer", was a legendary German (or in some accounts Danish or Greek) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th- through 19th-century European literature. The purported period of Schwarz' activity (late 14th century) thus falls between the first reports of gunpowder in Europe (late 13th century) and the development of effective applications in artillery (mid 15th century). It is unclear whether Schwarz is a historical person. It has been suggested that he was a historical alchemist who had developed
Fred Schwarz Man's Victory over Communism, Leviathan, and the Last Enemy", which was published in 1996. In it (Foreword, xix) is a photo of a letter in which US President Ronald Reagan with whom Schwarz had been friendly for many years (on 4 January 1990): "Fred, you're to be commended for your tireless dedication in trying to ensure the protection of freedom and human rights..." The book also published accolades by William F. Buckley Jr., Reed Irvine, John Stormer, etc. Schwarz was the father-in-law of leading Australian clinical cardiologist and medical scientist, Professor Murray Esler. Fred Schwarz Frederick Charles Schwarz, MD (15