Pleistocene The lower boundary of the Pleistocene Series is formally defined magnetostratigraphically as the base of the Matuyama (C2r) chronozone, isotopic stage 103. Above this point there are notable extinctions of the calcareous nanofossils: "Discoaster pentaradiatus" and "Discoaster surculus". The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Plio-Pleistocene has, in the past, been used to mean the last ice age. The revised definition of the Quaternary, by pushing back the start date of the Pleistocene to 2.58 Ma, results in the inclusion of all the recent repeated glaciations within the Pleistocene. The modern continents were essentially at their
Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era (2012) and Olábarri (2014). Appallingly relevant remains a note by Bullón de Mendoza (2013). The same question – related to partiality and bias – is tackled head on and specifically with regard to Carlism by Martínez (2002). Some proposals for future research were formulated - and partially met - 30 years ago by Blinkhorn (1986) and more recently, by Caspistegui (2008). Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era During 40 years of post-Francoist Spain there have been some 200 works published on Carlist history during the Franco regime (1939 to 1975; the Civil War period is not discussed here); there