Optics principles. For example, the Ames room, Hering, Müller-Lyer, Orbison, Ponzo, Sander, and Wundt illusions all rely on the suggestion of the appearance of distance by using converging and diverging lines, in the same way that parallel light rays (or indeed any set of parallel lines) appear to converge at a vanishing point at infinity in two-dimensionally rendered images with artistic perspective. This suggestion is also responsible for the famous moon illusion where the moon, despite having essentially the same angular size, appears much larger near the horizon than it does at zenith. This illusion so confounded Ptolemy that he incorrectly
The Ideal City (painting) attributed tentatively to Francesco di Giorgio Martini and dated eventually as 1477. "The Ideal City" celebrates the values in a well-ordered society, architecture stands as a metaphor for good government. The illusion of space is achieved using a mathematical perspective system developed in Florence. The receding lines that establish spatial relationships converge at a central point, located in the middle of the city gate. In a scene from the 1995 thriller, "Twelve Monkeys", Bruce Willis' character looks at "The Ideal City" in the Walters Art Museum. "The Ideal City" is one of the paintings available to buy virtually inside the