Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien of "The Hobbit" appeared in 1957 (translated by Walter Scherf), and that of "The Lord of the Rings" in 1972 (translated by Margaret Carroux and Ebba-Margareta von Freymann). The Deutsche Tolkien Gesellschaft (DTG) is a German association dedicated to the study of the life and works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Founded in 1997, it is based in Cologne. The DTG has more than 500 members (as of 2005) and is organized in a widespread network of local chapters. It is the main driving force of Tolkien reception in the German speaking countries (c.f. Honegger (2006); the first Swiss Tolkien
Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien also a number of local clubs and groups. It regularly organizes various nationwide events, related to the life and works of J.R.R. Tolkien, including exhibitions, seminars, contests, discussions and workshops. Interest in Turkey awoke to "The Lord of the Rings" in the late 1980s, long before the first Turkish translation. A translation of "The Lord of the Rings" into Turkish was published as "Yüzüklerin Efendisi" in 1997. After the release of the movies, other Tolkien-related literature was published (Silmarillion, Roverandom etc.) Interest in Prof Tolkien's work developed in Pakistan soon after its earliest inception as a separate nation and has