Berthold Schwarz Berthold Schwarz Berthold Schwarz (sometimes spelled Schwartz), also known as Berthold the Black and "der Schwartzer", was a legendary German (or in some accounts Danish or Greek) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th- through 19th-century European literature. The purported period of Schwarz' activity (late 14th century) thus falls between the first reports of gunpowder in Europe (late 13th century) and the development of effective applications in artillery (mid 15th century). It is unclear whether Schwarz is a historical person. It has been suggested that he was a historical alchemist who had developed
Alice Schwarz-Gardos Alice Schwarz-Gardos Alice Schwarz-Gardos (31 August 1916 in Vienna - 14 August 2007 in Tel Aviv) was an Austrian-born Israeli journalist and author. She was noted for her work as an editor for German-language newspapers in Israel, and was editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper "Nachrichten". She documented political and cultural events and displayed Zionism in her stance. Schwarz-Gardos was born in Vienna in 1915, the daughter of a manager at the Vienna Union-Bank who was forced in retirement after the stock exchange crash of 1929. The family relocated to Bratislava, where she attended the German Realgymnasium and began a course