Ring of Fire volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates, especially subduction in the northern portion. The southern portion is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, Bougainville, Tonga, and New Zealand. The presence of a belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean was observed in the 19th century. "They [the Japanese Islands] are in the line of that immense circle of
Ring of Fire (Buffy comic) for power of epic proportions. A new confrontation is developing over who can be the master the Ring of Fire, and with Giles barely functioning sanely, Buffy, Willow, Xander, and Kendra must try to avert a disaster. With the exception of the season 8 comics also released by Dark Horse, which are written by Joss Whedon, Buffy comics are not usually considered by fans as canonical. However, unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as official