Square root of 3 billion digits. The fraction (…) for the square root of three can be used as an approximation. Despite having a denominator of only 56, it differs from the correct value by less than (approximately ). The rounded value of 1.732 is correct to within 0.01% of the actual value. Archimedes reported , accurate to (six decimal places) and (four decimal places), respectively. It can be expressed as the continued fraction , expanded on the right. It can also be expressed by generalized continued fractions such as which is evaluated at every second term. The following nested square expressions converge to
Root-mean-square deviation target variable. with formula_14 and formula_15 where CDF is the quantile function. When normalizing by the mean value of the measurements, the term coefficient of variation of the RMSD, CV(RMSD) may be used to avoid ambiguity. This is analogous to the coefficient of variation with the RMSD taking the place of the standard deviation. Some researchers have recommended the use of the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) instead of the Root Mean Square Deviation. MAE possesses advantages in interpretability over RMSD. MAE is the average of the absolute values of the errors. MAE is fundamentally easier to understand than the square