Out of bounds ball, under penalty of one stroke, as nearly as possible at the spot from which the original ball was last played. Reference: "Rules of Golf 2012-2015, Rule 27-1 b. Ball Out of Bounds", published by the R&A - and approved by the United States Golf Association (USGA). A golf ball is "out of bounds" when all of it lies "out of bounds". A player may stand out of bounds to play a ball lying within bounds. Reference: "Rules of Golf 2012-2015, Section II Definitions". In skiing, an out of bounds area is considered one that is outside of the area
Property Rules, Liability Rules and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral protected by property rules, entitlements protected by liability rules, and inalienable entitlements. According to Calabresi and Melamed, an entitlement protected by a property rule is one that must be bought in a voluntary transaction in which the value of the entitlement is agreed upon by the buyer and seller. With an entitlement protected by property rule, a collective decision is made as to who is to be given the initial entitlement, but not as to the value of the entitlement itself. An entitlement protected by a liability rule, however, involves a collective decision as to the value of the entitlement