Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist) sons, and it seemed unlikely that he would have any due to the age of his wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais. His eventual response was to have his marriage to Josephine annulled and to undertake a second marriage with Roman Catholic rites to Archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Their only child was Napoleon, King of Rome, known in exile as "Napoleon II" and as the Duke of Reichstadt. He died unmarried, thereby extinguishing the legitimate descent of Napoleon I. Meanwhile, Napoleon I's older brother, Joseph Bonaparte, recognized upon establishment of the First Empire as first in
Modern Rome: From Napoleon to the Twenty-First Century Modern Rome: From Napoleon to the Twenty-First Century Modern Rome: From Napoleon to the Twenty-First Century is the first English edition of Italo Insolera’s classical historical urban study "Roma moderna. Da Napoleone I al XXI secolo" published in 2011 as the last of several editions, revisions and updates issued starting from 1962. Insolera locates the birth of “modern” Rome in 1811, when Napoleon I signed what he considers the first modern laws in Rome’s history, and extends his analysis of Rome’s urban development up to 2011. The book covers, among others, the last years of papal government and the subsequent