Backgammon according to the normal movement rules. The first player to bear off all fifteen of his/her own checkers wins the game. If the opponent has not yet borne off any checkers when the game ends, the winner scores a "gammon", which counts for double stakes. If the opponent has not yet borne off any checkers and has some on the bar or in the winner's home board, the winner scores a "backgammon", which counts for triple stakes. To speed up match play and to provide an added dimension for strategy, a doubling cube is usually used. The doubling cube is
The Upside of Down (book) strategies that protect food—and energy—supply networks and that can better cope with surprise." Several reviewers identified the book's ending as its weakness. Kymlicka wrote that "his discussion of what we should do in response to these challenges...[is] disappointing". Heft wrote that the book's weakness was in guessing what Heft called "fictional doomsday scenario[s]" because there are ultimately "an infinite number of possible destinies". The Upside of Down (book) The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization () is a non-fiction book published in 2006 by Thomas Homer-Dixon, a professor who at the time was the director of