River Thames reign was the completion of the multi-piered London Bridge, which acted as a barricade and barrage on the river, affecting the tidal flow upstream and increasing the likelihood of the river freezing over. In Tudor and Stuart times, various kings and queens built magnificent riverside palaces at Hampton Court, Kew, Richmond on Thames, Whitehall and Greenwich. As early as the 1300s, the Thames was used to dispose of waste matter produced in the city of London, thus turning the river into an open sewer. In 1357, Edward III described the state of the river in a proclamation: "... dung and
Queen Elizabeth II Park the stadium and pool complex began in August 2012. In February 2015 the Minister of Education, Hekia Parata, announced that two single-sex high schools damaged in the earthquakes would be rebuilt at Queen Elizabeth II Park: Avonside Girls' and Shirley Boys'. Christchurch City Council sold of land to the Ministry of Education for NZ$4.6m for the two schools. A new Eastern Sport & Recreation Centre will be co-located adjacent to the schools and its concept design was unveiled in May 2016, with an expected opening date in 2018. Queen Elizabeth II Park Queen Elizabeth II Park was a multi-use stadium