Flag of Galicia and Lodomeria consisting of two horizontal stripes: red and white. The colours of the new Galician flag, which remained in use until the dissolution of this kingdom in 1918, had resembled the white and red Polish flag adopted in 1831 by the Polish Parliament. Miller claims that the flag of Galicia consisted of the two stripes: amaranth and white, but the official Austro-Hungarian publication "Wappenrolle" (1898) clearly features the flag of Galicia in red and white. In "Wappenrolle" there is a picture of an amaranth and white flag, used unofficially, and described as "the national colours of the Poles" ("Nationalfarben der Polen)",
National colours of Germany and the North German states. After the war and the breakup of the German Confederation, the Prussian-led North German Confederation was established at the instance of Minister-President Otto von Bismarck to answer the German question. Another colour scheme was desired, as the black and gold colours were associated with Habsburg Austria. From 1867, the black, white, and red colours became the flag of the newly established federated state; the tricolour derived from the combination of the Prussian black and white with the white and red flag of the North German Hanseatic League. Since the 13th century, a black cross on