Jaw abnormality sagittally divides the face into five equal parts: It is insufficient to derive at a diagnosis of jaw deformity solely based on the clinical examination. Hence, additional information is gathered from diagnostic tests, which may include dental model analyses and radiographic imaging studies. Mandibular micrognathia is the condition when lower jaw is smaller than normal. Failure of the ramus to develop will give rise to micrognathia.<ref name="Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone"></ref> Micrognathia can be classified as either congenital or acquired. Clinical appearance of some patients with congenital type of mandibular micrognathia can have a severe retrusion of the chin but by actual measurements,
Fatou Jaw-Manneh with hard labor. PEN American Center sent a letter to President Jammeh on September 10, 2008, to protest Jaw-Manneh’s sentence and call for an acquittal, which was ignored. She chose to pay the fine, which she was able to pay with the help of friends, family, and the Gambian Press Union. After her return to the U.S., Jaw-Manneh continued criticizing Jammeh, describing him as “more dangerous, more corrupt than ever” and as “one of the richest and most corrupt leaders in Africa, who is “selling everything in Gambia, from bananas to bread to meat,” and trafficking in drugs and arms.