NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency and mandate to signals companies (including 1st NATO Signals Battalion at Maastricht, Netherlands); ten Sectors that supported the 10 major headquarters in NATO; and the NATO Communication and Information Systems (CIS) School in Latina, Italy. It appeared in 2011 there was a 3rd NATO Signal Battalion (3NSB), located in Bydgoszcz, Poland, as well as a NATO Signal Regiment. In 2011, NCSA comprised a central headquarters staff co-located with Allied Command Operations at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium; the NATO Signal Regiment in Brunssum, Netherlands, as well as three deployable NATO Signal Battalions; five Sectors and
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ACO as it became had more and more activities related to the NATO Response Force. Yet after Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the alliance, and especially after the 2008 Georgia-Russia war, more attention began to be paid to NATO's core Article 5 defence obligations. The three Baltic states' worries were specifically focused on a potential Russian threat. Thus while some exercises were ostentially run to prepare the NRF, sometimes they also included Article 5 aspects. Among these dual-purpose exercises was 'Steadfast Jazz', part of the NATO Exercise Steadfast series, which was run in November 2013 across a number of NATO