Primary polydipsia Alcoholism may cause physiological thirst since ethanol inhibits vasopressin, the hormone primarily responsible for water retention in osmoregulation. The following conditions should also be excluded: DI, cerebral salt wasting, pseudohyponatraemia caused by hyperlipidemia or hyperparaproteinemia, SIADH, mineralcorticoid deficiency, salt-wasting nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, chronic heart failure and cirrhosis. Tobacco smoking is an often overlooked factor linked to hyponatremia, due to the ADH-releasing effect of nicotine, although this is usually limited to heavy smokers. One study suggested that around 70% of patients with self-induced polydipsia were tobacco smokers. Diagnostic tests for primary polydipsia usually involves the fluid deprivation test to exclude ADH
Critical emergency medicine an incident. Anaesthesiologists specialised in CREM may have additional experience in organising healthcare responses to mass-casualty incidents and disasters, as well as training in management of CBRN defence, hyperbaric medicine, or organisation and coordination of emergency departments, burn centres, poison control centres, or emergency medical services. Internationally, there are two primary models of emergency medicine: the Anglo-American model, which relies on "bringing the patient to the hospital", and the Franco-German model, which operates through "bringing the hospital to the patient". In the Anglo-American model, the patient is rapidly transported by non-physician providers to definitive care, typically an emergency department in