Tuscan order A plain astragal or taenia ringed the column beneath its plain cap. Palladio agreed in essence with Serlio: "The Tuscan, being rough, is rarely used above ground except in one-storey buildings like villa barns or in huge structures like Amphitheatres and the like which, having many orders, can take this one in place of the Doric, under the Ionic." Unlike the other authors Palladio found Roman precedents, of which he named the arena of Verona and the Pula Arena, both of which, James Ackerman points out, are arcuated buildings that did not present columns and entablatures. A striking feature is
Ionic Greek city of Miletus. This alphabet eventually became the standard Greek alphabet, its use becoming uniform during the Koine era. It was also the alphabet used in the Christian Gospels and the book of Acts. Proto-Greek "ā" > Ionic "ē"; in Doric, Aeolic, "ā" remains; in Attic, "ā" after "e, i, r", but "ē" elsewhere. Proto-Greek "e, o" > Ionic "ei, ou": compensatory lengthening after loss of "w" in the sequences "enw-, erw-, onw-, orw-". In Attic, "e, o" is not lengthened. Ionic sometimes removes initial aspiration (Proto-Greek hV- > Ionic V-). Ionic contracts less often than Attic. Proto-Greek "*kʷ" before