English Revolution ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660. In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution. This interpretation suggests that the "English Revolution" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom. The Marxist view of the English Revolution
Pied monarch Pied monarch The pied monarch ("Arses kaupi") is a species of bird in the monarch-flycatcher family Monarchidae. It is endemic to coastal Queensland in Australia. The pied monarch was described by John Gould in 1851, who deliberated on placing it in a genus by itself on account of its feet and eye ring. The nest and eggs were undescribed until collected by Robert Hislop on 3 December 1894 near Bloomfield River. The pied monarch is closely related to and forms a superspecies with the two other species of monarch flycatcher in the genus "Arses". Two subspecies are recognised, however they