Islam in the Ottoman Empire schools). Both the Maturidi and Ash'ari schools of Islamic theology used Ilm al-Kalam (reason) to understand the Quran and the hadith (sayings and actions of Mohammed and the Rashidun) so as to apply Islamic principles to fatwas (Islamic rulings). This is in contrast to the Athari (or literal) school of Islamic theology which takes the Quran and the hadith literally. Kemal Ataturk stated: "Our religion is a rational, plausible religion, which is why it is the last valid religion. Such as regular Islam, followed the 5 pillars of faith: Ottomans often wore little charms, such as necklaces, to protect themselves
Apostasy in Islam to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a "murtad milli". The jurist Imam Ibnul Humam (d. 681 AH) wrote in his book "Fathul Qadir": A person is considered apostate if he or she converts from Islam to another religion. Apostasy can occur even if one does not formally renounce Islam. Those who were forced to denounce Islam under conditions of duress or out of fear of persecution or during war (Taqiyya or Kitman) are not considered apostates. Evidence of apostasy in Islam, according to Reliance of the Traveller, a 14th-century manual of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence (Fiqh),