Morse code thus determines the dot length. It is common to assume that a word is 5 characters long. There are two common typical words: "PARIS" and "CODEX". PARIS mimics a word rate that is typical of natural language words and reflects the benefits of Morse code's shorter code durations for common characters such as "e" and "t". CODEX offers a word rate that is typical of 5-letter code groups (sequences of random letters). Using the word PARIS as a standard, the number of dot units is 50 and a simple calculation shows that the dot length at 20 words per minute
History of the International Phonetic Alphabet closely connected that the whole might be treated as a single sound", were noted as able to be represented with a tie bar, as in . Palatalized consonants could be marked by a dot above the letter, as in , "suggesting the connexion with the sounds i and j". The 1921 "Écriture phonétique internationale" introduced new symbols, some of which were never to be seen in any other booklet: The book also mentioned symbols "already commonly used in special works", some of which "have not yet been definitively adopted": It also introduced several new suprasegmental specifications: It recommended the use