Flowering plant magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining 5 clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among 9 families. The 43 most-diverse of 443 families of flowering plants by species, in their APG circumscriptions, are Of these, the Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Araceae, Bromeliaceae, Arecaceae, and Iridaceae are monocot families; Piperaceae, Lauraceae, and Annonaceae are magnoliid dicots; the rest of the families are eudicots. Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovule. This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the
Portia labiata the draglines of equal-sized females and then pitted some of them in contests. Other females avoided the draglines of the victors, and spent the majority of their time on draglines of the losers. Similar tests showed that females of "P. fimbriata" from Australia and "P. schultzi" from Kenya do not avoid draglines of a powerful fighter. In "P. labiata" and in some other species, contests between males usually last only 5 to 10 seconds, and only their legs make contact. When hunting, mature females of "P. labiata", "P. africana", "P. fimbriata" and "P. schultzi" emit olfactory signals that reduce the