Dandelion coffee In 1919, dandelion root was noted as a source of cheap 'coffee'. It has also been part of edible plant classes dating back at least to the 1970s. Harvesting dandelion roots requires differentiating 'true' dandelions ("Taraxacum" spp.) from other yellow daisy-like flowers such as catsear and hawksbeard. True dandelions have a ground-level rosette of deep-toothed leaves and hollow straw-like stems. Large plants that are 3–4 years old, with taproots approximately 0.5 inch (13 mm) in diameter, are harvested for dandelion coffee. These taproots are similar in appearance to pale carrots. After harvesting, the dandelion roots are dried, chopped, and roasted.
Square root of a matrix a "positive-semidefinite matrix" has precisely one positive-semidefinite square root, which can be called its "principal square root". While the square root of a nonnegative integer is either again an integer or an irrational number, in contrast an "integer matrix" can have a square root whose entries are rational, yet not integer. For example, the matrix formula_8 has the non-integer square root formula_9 as well as the integer square root matrix formula_10. The 2×2 identity matrix is another example. A 2×2 matrix with two distinct nonzero eigenvalues has four square roots. More generally, an matrix with "distinct nonzero eigenvalues" has 2