Atlanto-axial joint Atlanto-axial joint The atlantoaxial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae; the atlas and axis. It is a pivot joint. The atlantoaxial joint is of a complicated nature. It consists of no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. There are three atlantoaxial joints: one median and two lateral: The ligaments connecting these bones are: The atlantoaxial joint in common terminology is actually a
Neoteny in humans "dental maturation is only 58 percent complete" and when "reproductive maturation is only 10 percent complete". Bogin said that this allometry of human growth allows children to have a "superficially infantile" appearance (large skull, small face, small body and sexual underdevelopment) longer than in other "mammalian species". Bogin said that this cute appearance causes a "nurturing" and "care-giving" response in "older individuals". While upper body strength is on average more sexually dimorphic in humans than in most other primates except gorillas, there is fossil evidence that male upper body strength and muscular sexual dimorphism in the upper body during human