Abebe Bikila Abebe Bikila Abebe Bikila (; August 7, 1932 – October 25, 1973) was an Ethiopian marathon runner. A double Olympic marathon champion, he won the first at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome while running barefoot, setting a world record. He is Africa's first world record breaking athlete in any sport and the first sub-Saharan African Olympic gold medallist. At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Abebe became the first athlete to successfully defend an Olympic marathon title, breaking his own world record in the process. He was a member of the Ethiopian Imperial Guard, an elite infantry division that
Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa peoples, speakers of the largest language family in Africa. For example, it "pervades southern Ewe music". Key patterns, also known as "bell patterns, timeline patterns, guide patterns" and "phrasing referents" express a rhythm’s organizing principle, defining rhythmic structure and epitomizing the complete rhythmic matrix. They represent a condensed expression of all the movements open to musicians and dancers. Key patterns are typically clapped or played on idiophones such as bells, or else on a high-pitched drumhead. Musics organized around key patterns convey a two-celled (binary) structure, a complex level of African cross-rhythm. The most commonly used key pattern in sub-Saharan