Sastrugi breaking equipment—ripples and waves are often undercut and the surface is hard and unforgiving, with constant minor topographic changes between ridge and trough. The words "sastrugi" and "zastrugi" are Russian-language plurals; the singular is "sastruga" or "zastruga". The form "sastruga" started as the German-language transliteration of the Russian word заструга (plural: заструги). A Latin-type analogica singular "sastrugus" is used in various writings on exploration of the South Pole, including Robert Falcon Scott's expedition's diaries and Ernest Shackleton's "The Heart of the Antarctic". Under the action of steady wind, free snow particles accumulate and drift like the sand grains in barchan
Surface wave detection by animals line and numbering in the 10s to 100s. Each bundle of hair cells is covered in a gelatinous capulla which the capillary waves actually make contact with and in doing so cause afferent neurons to fire. Neuromasts are similar in structure to canal organs in the lateral line canal system: they are housed in sacs of connective tissue between the skull and skin, and are connected to the water and water surface via canals and canal pores. Recent work has also revealed small ridges of tissue around each neuromast which direct water flow around it. The neuroanatomy beyond the receptor