Carrageenan each plant weighs approximately 1 kg. The "E. cottonii" variety has been reclassified as "Kappaphycus cottonii" by Maxwell Doty (1988), thereby introducing the genus "Kappaphycus", on the basis of the phycocolloids produced (namely kappa carrageenan). After harvest, the seaweed is dried, baled, and sent to the carrageenan manufacturer. There the seaweed is ground, sifted to remove impurities such as sand, and washed thoroughly. After treatment with hot alkali solution (e.g., 5–8% potassium hydroxide), the cellulose is removed from the carrageenan by centrifugation and filtration. The resulting carrageenan solution is then concentrated by evaporation. It is dried and ground to specification.
Substance 1987 (2004) that the album is "pure pleasure" and serves as "a guidebook to 1980s pop", along with Prince's "Purple Rain" (1984) and Madonna's 1990 compilation "The Immaculate Collection". "Slant Magazine"'s Sal Cinquemani was less enthusiastic and said that the album is "undeniably a product of its time". In 2005, Will Hermes included "Substance" in his "definitive guide" to dance-rock for "Spin" magazine. Substance 1989 is the video version of "Substance" that first appeared in 1989 on VHS; it was released on LaserDisc in Japan in 1991. The cover is similar to the LP, except "1987" is replaced by "1989" (though