Smithfield, London personal signature of the Monarch), invariably upon ministerial recommendation, which if unexercised by the time of a Sovereign's death required renewed authority. In this case Queen Elizabeth did not approve the executions, thus freeing the Protestants. During the 16th century the Smithfield site was also the place of execution of swindlers and coin forgers, who were boiled to death in oil. By the 18th century the "Tyburn Tree" (near the present-day Marble Arch) became the main place for public executions in London. After 1785, executions were again moved, this time to the gates of Newgate prison, just to the south
Church bell influence, especially that of Irish missionaries. Before the use of church bells, Greek monasteries would ring a flat metal plate (see "semantron") to announce services. The "signa" and "campanae" used to announce services before Irish influence may have been flat plates like the "semantron" rather than bells. The oldest surviving circle of bells in Great Britain is housed in St Lawrence Church, Ipswich. Church bell A church bell in the Christian tradition is a bell which is rung in a church for a variety of ceremonial purposes, and can be heard outside the building. Traditionally they were used to call