Carrageenan only the lambda form (and the sodium salts of the other two) are soluble. When used in food products, carrageenan has the EU additive E numbers E407 or E407a when present as "processed eucheuma seaweed". Technically carrageenan is considered a dietary fibre. In parts of Scotland and Ireland, where it is known by a variety of local and native names, "Chondrus crispus" is boiled in milk and strained, before sugar and other flavourings such as vanilla, cinnamon, brandy, or whisky are added. The end-product is a kind of jelly similar to panna cotta, tapioca, or blancmange. Although carrageenans were introduced
Ethnolichenology from lichens were historically very important throughout Europe from the 15th to 17th centuries. They were generally extracted from "Roccella" spp. lichens imported from the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Madagascar, or India. These lichens, and the dye extracted from them, are called orchil (variants archil, orchilla). The same dye was also produced from "Ochrolechia" spp. lichens in Britain and was called cudbear. Both "Roccella" spp. and "Ochrolechia" spp. contain the lichen substance orcin, which converts into the purple dye orcein in the ammonia fermentation process. Litmus, a water-soluble pH indicator dye mixture, is extracted from "Roccella" species. Many lichens