Dan (rank) is by far the most recognizable symbol to the general public. The highest dan ranks are sometimes reserved for the founder or leaders of a style and only high-ranking students can be promoted to them. For example, only five living people hold a tenth dan in judo and only about thirty-five worldwide have been promoted to the rank since its inception; of those 10th dan promotions only fifteen were conferred by the Kodokan, all of them to Japanese judoka. This has led to upper level ranks becoming extinct in some arts. In other styles, the dan ranks are not the
Judo in Canada 1989. A third article, "Physical performance attributes of junior and senior women, juvenile, junior, and senior men judokas", presents the results of a study of the 1989 Alberta Judo Team and was published by N.G. Little in "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness" in 1991. Kinesiologist, 1993 Canadian Champion (-65 kg category), and former member of the Canadian Judo team Wayland Pulkkinen self-published "The Sport Science of Elite Judo Athletes: a Review & Application for Training" in 2001. Two undated articles derived from the book are available on the website "JudoInfo.com". Other authors have focused on the social