Carrageenan Carrageenan Carrageenans or carrageenins ( , from Irish "", "little rock") are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. They are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Their main application is in dairy and meat products, due to their strong binding to food proteins. There are three main varieties of carrageenan, which differ in their degree of sulfation. Kappa-carrageenan has one sulfate group per disaccharide, iota-carrageenan has two, and lambda-carrageenan has three. Gelatinous extracts of the "Chondrus crispus" (Irish moss) seaweed have been used as food additives
Average variance extracted Average variance extracted In statistics (classical test theory), average variance extracted (AVE) is a measure of the amount of variance that is captured by a construct in relation to the amount of variance due to measurement error. The average variance extracted was first proposed by Fornell & Larcker (1981). The average variance extracted can be calculated as follows: Here, formula_2 is the number of items, formula_3 the factor loading of item formula_4 and formula_5 the variance of the error of item formula_4. The average variance extracted has often been used to assess discriminant validity based on the following "rule of