Wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church supported wine because the clergy required it for the Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted "bastardo" wine. The English word "wine" comes from the Proto-Germanic "*winam", an early borrowing from the Latin "vinum", "wine" or "(grape) vine", itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *"win-o-" (cf. , "gini"; Ancient Greek: "oinos"; Aeolic Greek: "woinos"; Hittite: "wiyana";
Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 their commune (village), and their AOC in parenthesis, if different from the commune. The 19th-century names appear as listed by the brokers on April 18, 1855, followed by the modern names, as the use of "second cru" for red wines and "deuxième cru" for white wines. [Barsac estates may be labelled with the appellation Barsac or Sauternes.] a. The only classified estate situated in Graves rather than Médoc. b. Listed as Second Growth in 1855, elevated to First Growth in 1973. c. Dissolved in 1960. d. Added in 1856. Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 The Bordeaux Wine Official Classification