Smithfield, London personal signature of the Monarch), invariably upon ministerial recommendation, which if unexercised by the time of a Sovereign's death required renewed authority. In this case Queen Elizabeth did not approve the executions, thus freeing the Protestants. During the 16th century the Smithfield site was also the place of execution of swindlers and coin forgers, who were boiled to death in oil. By the 18th century the "Tyburn Tree" (near the present-day Marble Arch) became the main place for public executions in London. After 1785, executions were again moved, this time to the gates of Newgate prison, just to the south
Revere bells within each town—the evidence suggests that churchgoers valued the quality of the bell's acoustics, the distance from which one could hear the bell and the persistence of the ring. Church bells were of great importance in these colonial communities, as there were few clocks in that day and because they signified events of great importance such as funerals and weddings. Revere's foundry also produced school bells and smaller bells for shipyards and factories, in later years. Revere designed church bells with a large diameter which allowed the bell sound to travel greater distances. For example, the King Chapel bell had