Smithfield, London personal signature of the Monarch), invariably upon ministerial recommendation, which if unexercised by the time of a Sovereign's death required renewed authority. In this case Queen Elizabeth did not approve the executions, thus freeing the Protestants. During the 16th century the Smithfield site was also the place of execution of swindlers and coin forgers, who were boiled to death in oil. By the 18th century the "Tyburn Tree" (near the present-day Marble Arch) became the main place for public executions in London. After 1785, executions were again moved, this time to the gates of Newgate prison, just to the south
All the Bells and SunCom. The piece, under the title Work No. 1197: All The Bells, with the revised rubric, "All the bells in a country rung as quickly and as loudly as possible for three minutes", was subsequently re-commissioned, for a sum rumoured to be between thirty-five and fifty thousand pounds, and advertised as being a new work, by the London 2012 Festival. The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers declined to participate. The Council's President, Kate Flavell, criticised both the timing and content of the piece in her official blog. All the Bells All The Bells is an artwork by Martin