Judo federations have promoted another eleven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th "dan", who was the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank. Although "dan" ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the "kyū" grades, with some countries having more "kyū" grades. Although initially "kyū" grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a
Judo in Canada 1989. A third article, "Physical performance attributes of junior and senior women, juvenile, junior, and senior men judokas", presents the results of a study of the 1989 Alberta Judo Team and was published by N.G. Little in "The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness" in 1991. Kinesiologist, 1993 Canadian Champion (-65 kg category), and former member of the Canadian Judo team Wayland Pulkkinen self-published "The Sport Science of Elite Judo Athletes: a Review & Application for Training" in 2001. Two undated articles derived from the book are available on the website "JudoInfo.com". Other authors have focused on the social