Smithfield, London personal signature of the Monarch), invariably upon ministerial recommendation, which if unexercised by the time of a Sovereign's death required renewed authority. In this case Queen Elizabeth did not approve the executions, thus freeing the Protestants. During the 16th century the Smithfield site was also the place of execution of swindlers and coin forgers, who were boiled to death in oil. By the 18th century the "Tyburn Tree" (near the present-day Marble Arch) became the main place for public executions in London. After 1785, executions were again moved, this time to the gates of Newgate prison, just to the south
Bow, London a small number of art galleries and studios such as the Bow Arts Trust on Bow Road,the London Contemporary Opera on Arnold Road, The Engine Rooms Rehearsal Studios on Eleanor Street, Cafe Music Studios on Ordell Road, and the Chisenhale Art Place and Chisenhale Dance Space on Chisenhale Street. St Agnes, Chisenhale Olga and Malmesbury primary schools are located in Bow, as is Central Foundation Girls School on Bow Road. Cherry Trees School is a specialist primary school located at Campbell Road in Bow. The Tredegar Practice on St Stephans's Road and the St Paul's Way Medical Centre are the