Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz, better known as Oswaldo Cruz (; August 5, 1872 in São Luís do Paraitinga, São Paulo province, Brazil – February 11, 1917 in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro state), was a Brazilian physician, pioneer bacteriologist, epidemiologist and public health officer and the founder of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. He occupied the fifth chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1912 until his death in 1917. Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz was born on August 5, 1872 in São Luis do Paraitinga, a small city in São Paulo Province, to the physician Bento Gonçalvez Cruz and Amália Bulhões
The North-South Institute announced that it would close. According to a newspaper report, the closure resulted from the decision by the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development to no longer fund the institution. The North-South Institute Founded in 1976, The North-South Institute (NSI) is a policy research institution or think tank based in Ottawa, Canada and specializing in international development. The objectives of the institute were as follows: For nearly four decades, NSI endeavored to fulfill these objectives and to pursue the broad goal of reducing global poverty and inequality through effective international development. In think tank rankings, the North-South Institute was