Ovine rinderpest Ovine rinderpest Ovine rinderpest, also commonly known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is a contagious disease primarily affecting goats and sheep; however, camels and wild small ruminants can also be affected. PPR is currently present in North, Central, West and East Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. It is caused by "small ruminants morbillivirus" in the genus "Morbillivirus," and is closely related to, among others," rinderpest morbillivirus, measles morbillivirus", and "canine morbillivirus" (previously known as canine distemper virus). The disease is highly contagious, and can have a 80–100% mortality rate in acute cases in an epidemic setting. This
Alternatives to animal testing process, the EC will require full disclosure of study data, safety issues, and toxicological findings for all such additives. Within the EU animal welfare law (2010/63/EU), the principles of the 3Rs are invoked whenever toxicological test methods are necessary. Institutes and organizations that research or fund alternatives to animal testing include: International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM): On April 27, 2009 the United States, Canada, Japan and EU signed a memorandum of cooperation that could reduce the number of animals required for consumer product safety testing worldwide. The agreement will yield globally coordinated scientific recommendations on alternative toxicity testing