Discrimination against drug addicts that suffer with an addiction, only a few will receive treatment due to the complexity of health care systems. Most health care systems do not have insurance coverage for addiction recovery and many health care providers have little to no training in treating addiction. Some doctors do not feel comfortable treating an addiction due to their lack of knowledge and training of the topic. This is one of the reasons why drug dependence is difficult to recover from. Among injecting drug users, the incidence of HIV infection is higher than among other drug addicts, however punitive and discriminatory measures against
Microbial drug delivery has been used to treat forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The most prominently studied vehicles of microbial drug administration are the bacterial species, "Lactococcus lactis" and "Bacteroides ovatus." The usage of recombinant microbes (i.e. microorganisms designed to contain DNA from two or more different species) has applications in treating chronic diseases. In 2006, Braat "et al". implemented microbial drug delivery with "L. lactis" in clinical trials, successfully treating Crohn’s disease (CD), a form of IBD that causes inflammation and ulceration in the intestines. In this study, a recombinant strain of "L. lactis" containing complimentary DNA (cDNA) for the human