Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae with population declines in several other wild caprinae, including the Norwegian muskox. "Mycoplasma" species are labile organisms which are easily destroyed by heat, dehydration, sunlight, and common disinfectants, so they do not survive for a long time outside the body of the animal. As of now, and with many "Mycoplasma" diseases, no protective immune responses have been achieved with the use of vaccines, though antibodies can be obtained. <br> Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is a species of "Mycoplasma" bacteria that most commonly inhabits and affects ovine animals. "M. ovipneumoniae" is a respiratory pathogen of domestic sheep, domestic goats, bighorn sheep,
Alternatives to animal testing Alternatives to animal testing Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. There is widespread agreement that a reduction in the number of animals used and the refinement of testing to reduce suffering should be important goals for the industries involved. Two major alternatives to "in vivo" animal testing are "in vitro" cell culture techniques and "in silico" computer simulation. However, some claim they are not true alternatives because simulations use data from prior animal experiments and cell cultures often require animal derived products, such as serum or cells.