Duke of Normandy as the reign of William II (1035–87), the ruler of Normandy could style himself "prince and duke, count of Normandy" as if unsure what his title should be. The literal Latin equivalent of "Duke of Normandy", "dux Normanniae", was in use by 1066, but it did not supplant "dux Normannorum" until the Angevin period (1144–1204), at a time when Norman identity was fading. Richard I experimented with the title "marquis" ("marchio") as early as 966, when it was also used in a diploma of King Lothair. Richard II occasionally used it, but he seems to have preferred the title duke.
Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine His second wife (1055) was Ida (died 1102), daughter of Bernard II, Duke of Saxony, who remarried with Albert III, Count of Namur, on Frederick's death. Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine, also known as "Frederick of Luxembourg" ( – 18 May 1065) was the count of Malmedy from 1035 and Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1046. He was a younger son of Frederick, Lord of Gleiberg. In 1044, Gothelo I, duke of both Lorraines, died and his eldest son, Godfrey, succeeded in only the upper duchy while the Emperor Henry III first threatened to give