Propolis season. Normally, it is dark brown in color, but it can be found in green, red, black, and white hues, depending on the sources of resin found in the particular hive area. Honey bees are opportunists, gathering what they need from available sources, and detailed analyses show that the chemical composition of propolis varies considerably from region to region, along with the vegetation. In northern temperate climates, for example, bees collect resins from trees, such as poplars and conifers (the biological role of resin in trees is to seal wounds and defend against bacteria, fungi and insects). "Typical" northern temperate
Fibrin glue and plasminogen. This glue can be used for repairing dura tears, bronchial fistulas and for achieving hemostasis after spleen and liver trauma. It is also employed in "no sutures" corneal transplantation, pterygium excision with amniotic membrane or conjunctival autograft, and in ocular trauma for corneal or conjunctival defects. It can also be used for skin graft donor site wounds to reduce postoperative pain. Fibrin glue Fibrin glue (also called fibrin sealant) is a surgical formulation used to create a fibrin clot for hemostasis or wound healing. It is made up of fibrinogen (lyophilised pooled human concentrate) and thrombin (bovine, which