Halal certification in Europe bodies. According to the Halal Food Authority (HFA) in the UK, poultry (chickens, turkeys and ducks) can only be "immobilised" prior to slaughter using electric water baths, while ovine animals (lamb, sheep and goat) can only be stunned using electric tongs. The majority of bovine animals (cattle, bull, cow and ox) in the UK are stunned with a captive-bolt pistol, but this is not permitted by the HFA because of the risk that it may kill the animal. The second position, which emerges from a derogation of the above legislation, allows EU member states to grant slaughterhouses that supply Muslim
Animal rights Linzey at Trinity College, Cambridge, in August 1977. This was followed by Mary Midgley's "Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature" (1978), then "Animal Rights–A Symposium" (1979), which included the papers delivered to the Cambridge conference. From 1982 onwards, a series of articles by Tom Regan led to his "The Case for Animal Rights" (1984), in which he argues that nonhuman animals are "subjects-of-a-life", and therefore possessors of moral rights, a work regarded as a key text in animal rights theory. Regan wrote in 2001 that philosophers had written more about animal rights in the previous 20 years than