Cryptorchidism (over 90% in some studies). Even after orchiopexy, these may also affect sperm maturation and motility at an older age. The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a testis that will not descend spontaneously into the scrotum. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. In normal males, as the cremaster muscle relaxes or contracts, the testis moves lower or higher ("retracts") in the scrotum. This cremasteric reflex is much more active in infant boys than older men. A retractile testis high in
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA, 273(16), pp. 1292–1295. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org. Richardson, W.S. & Detsky, A.S., 1995. Users’ guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA, 273(20), pp. 1610–1613. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org. Richardson, W.S. et al., 1999. Users’ Guides to the Medical Literature: XV. How to Use an Article About Disease Probability for Differential Diagnosis. JAMA, 281(13), pp. 1214–1219. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/doi/10.1001/jama.281.13.1214 Richardson, W.S. et al., 2000. Users’ Guides to the Medical