Envy (apple) Envy (apple) Envy is a trademarked brand of the Scilate apple variety. Scilate is the result of a cross between Royal Gala and Braeburn. It was developed in New Zealand by HortResearch, submitted for a patent in 2008 and patented in 2009. Distribution of the Envy apple in North America began in 2009 through the Oppenheimer Group, and ENZA (The New Zealand Apple and Pear Marketing Board) began small commercial volumes in 2012 in Washington State. In Washington, the fruit surpassed 100,000 cartons for production in 2014. The companies anticipate harvesting 2 million cartons of the fruit by 2020. Envy
History of type theory by introducing dependent types, which became known as intuitionistic type theory or Martin-Löf type theory. Martin-Löf's theory uses inductive types to represent unbounded data structures, such as natural numbers. The lambda cube was not a new type theory but a categorization of existing type theories. The eight corners of the cube included some existing theories with simply typed lambda calculus at the lowest corner and the calculus of constructions at the highest. History of type theory The type theory was initially created to avoid paradoxes in a variety of formal logics and rewrite systems. Later, type theory referred to a