Pollen Analysis Circular maintain contact with one another and maintain publication lists that had, until then, been published by Gunnar Erdtman as "Literature on Pollen Statistics and Related Topics". The first issue of the "Pollen Analysis Circular" was dated May 5, 1943 and published by Paul B. Sears (Oberlin College). Subsequent issues were generally edited by Sears, sometimes in cooperation with L.R. Wilson. In January 1945, the "Pollen Analysis Circular" was renamed the "Pollen and Spore Circular" to more accurately reflect its scope. After 1954, the Circular was incorporated into the "Micropaleontologist", soon renamed "Micropaleontology", published by the American Museum of Natural History.
Beta decay atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons. The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay is determined by its nuclear binding energy. The binding energies of all existing nuclides form what is called the nuclear band or valley of stability. For either electron or positron emission to be energetically possible, the energy release (see below) or Q value must be positive. Beta decay is a consequence of the weak force, which is characterized by relatively lengthy decay times. Nucleons are composed of up quarks and down quarks, and the weak force