Pollen tube through wind, water or pollinators. The last step before fertilization is the growth of the pollen tube to transfer non-motile sperm to the protected egg. Pollen tubes are unique to plants and their structure had evolved over plant history. The pollen tube formation is complex and the mechanism is not fully understood, but is of great interest to scientists. Pollen is produced by the stamen, the male reproductive organ of the flower. Each pollen grain contains a vegetative cell, and a generative cell that divides to form two sperm cells. The pollen is delivered by the opening of anthers for
Spin coating Spin coating Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films to flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all. The substrate is then rotated at high speed in order to spread the coating material by centrifugal force. A machine used for spin coating is called a spin coater, or simply spinner. Rotation is continued while the fluid spins off the edges of the substrate, until the desired thickness of the film is achieved. The applied solvent