Propolis with control of "Candida albicans" and immunomodulatory effects. Propolis is used by some string instrument makers (violin, viola, cello and bass) as a varnish ingredient. Some workers use it to seal the surface of newly made bridges. Propolis was purportedly used by Antonio Stradivari in the varnish of his instruments. Propolis is used by some chewing gum manufacturers to make propolis gum. Propolis is used to bring about a chemical reaction to convert fats and oils into automobile wax during application. Propolis Propolis or bee glue is a resinous mixture that honey bees produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with
Animal glue earth and hoof glue. It would also be used to bind feathers and equipment together. The first commercial glue factory opened in Holland circa 1700, manufacturing animal glue from hides. The United States’ first glue factory opened in 1899, established by the Milwaukee Tanning Industry. The L.D. Davis company thrived producing animal glue during the Great Depression after shifting its focus from stenciling, selling to local box makers and other users; L.D. Davis' animal glue formula for bookbinding remains in production. During the 18th and 19th centuries, ranchers disposed of old animals – horses in particular – to glue factories.