Ovine rinderpest virus does not infect humans. This disease was first described in 1942 in Côte d'Ivoire. Now, PPR has spread to more than 70 countries in the world. In 2017, the disease was reported to be affecting saiga in Mongolia, causing near-catastrophic herd depletion for the endangered species. In 2018, the disease was reported to be in Bulgaria close to the border with Turkey. PPR is also known as goat plague, "kata", syndrome of stomatitis-pneumoenteritis, and ovine rinderpest. Official agencies such as the FAO and OIE use the French name ""peste des petits ruminants"" with several spelling variants. Symptoms are similar
Alternatives to animal testing create a model of the human immune system on which the efficacy of new vaccines and other compounds may be tested, replacing some steps of the vaccine development process that would otherwise be performed on animals. This process is faster and more flexible than previous methods but critics worry that it may be too simple to be useful on a large scale. Examples of computer simulations available include models of asthma, though potential new medicines identified using these techniques are currently still required to be verified in animal and human tests before licensing. Computer operated mannequins, also known as crash