Campolina Holsteiner, and American Saddle Horse. Bloodlines from the Mangalarga Marchador, were also added to refine the Campolina. The herdbook was closed in 1934 and the breed standard first defined. In 1938, the Professional Consortium of Campolina Horse Breeders was formed to formally organize the breed, and in 1951 the organization was renamed to the Campolina Breeders Association, the breed standards were formally adopted, with the organization based in Belo Horizonte. There were further updates to the breed standard in 1975 and 1993. There are currently around 85,000 registered Campolina horses, with slightly over 7,300 registered breeders. Around 4,300 mares were
Animal trypanosomiasis some breeds of cattle, notably the N'Dama – a West African "Bos taurus" breed. This contrasts with the susceptibility shown by East African "Bos indicus" cattle such as the zebu. Most trypanosomes develop in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), in its biological vector, about one to a few weeks. When an infected tsetse fly bites an animal, the parasites are transmitted through its saliva. It can also be spread by fomites such as surgical instruments, needles, syringes. The most important vectors are thought to be horseflies (Tabanidae) and stable flies (Stomoxys spp.). The immune response of animals could be unable to