Parshvanatha parts of India, such as Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, and these are dated to between 5th and 10th-century CE. Archeological sites and medieval era Parshvantha iconography found in temples and Jain cave arts include scenes and Yaksha. The Digambara and Svetambara traditions show differences in their historic icons. For example, Svetambara artworks show Parshvanatha with both serpent hood and a Ganesha-like Yaksha, while Digambara artworks show him with serpent hood and Dhranendra, but no Ganesha-like deity. According to Umakant Premanand Shah, such a display of Hindu gods such as Ganesha as Yaksha, and Indra as serving Parshvanatha were a
Jain meditation or non-Jains. It is important to note that these developments happened mainly among Śvētāmbara sects, while Digambara groups generally did not develop new modernist meditation systems. Digambara sects instead promote the practice of self-study (Svādhyāya) as a form of meditation, influenced by the work of Kundakunda. This practice of self study (reciting scriptures and thinking about the meaning) is included in the practice of equanimity (sāmāyika) which is the spiritual practice emphasized by 20th century Digambara sects. The modern era saw the rise of a new Śvētāmbara sect, the Śvētāmbara Terapanth, founded by Ācārya Bhikṣu, who was said to be