Anemometer turbines usually requires a refresh rate of wind speed measurements of 3 Hz, easily achieved by sonic anemometers. Three-dimensional sonic anemometers are widely used to measure gas emissions and ecosystem fluxes using the eddy covariance method when used with fast-response infrared gas analyzers or laser-based analyzers. Two-dimensional wind sensors are of two types: Acoustic resonance anemometers are a more recent variant of sonic anemometer. The technology was invented by Dr Savvas Kapartis and patented in 2000. Whereas conventional sonic anemometers rely on time of flight measurement, acoustic resonance sensors use resonating acoustic (ultrasonic) waves within a small purpose-built cavity in
Complete measure Naïvely, we would take the "σ"-algebra on R to be "B" ⊗ "B", the smallest "σ"-algebra containing all measurable "rectangles" "A" × "A" for "A" ∈ "B". While this approach does define a measure space, it has a flaw. Since every singleton set has one-dimensional Lebesgue measure zero, for "any" subset "A" of R. However, suppose that "A" is a non-measurable subset of the real line, such as the Vitali set. Then the "λ"-measure of {0} × "A" is not defined, but and this larger set does have "λ"-measure zero. So, this "two-dimensional Lebesgue measure" as just defined is not