Anemometer beam exits reflect, or backscatter, the light back into a detector, where it is measured relative to the original laser beam. When the particles are in great motion, they produce a Doppler shift for measuring wind speed in the laser light, which is used to calculate the speed of the particles, and therefore the air around the anemometer. Ultrasonic anemometers, first developed in the 1950s, use ultrasonic sound waves to measure wind velocity. They measure wind speed based on the time of flight of sonic pulses between pairs of transducers. Measurements from pairs of transducers can be combined to yield
Haar measure nontrivial but the modular function of formula_3 is trivial. The quotient of these cannot be extended to any character of formula_3, so the quotient space formula_114 (which can be thought of as 1-dimensional real projective space) does not have even a semi-invariant measure. Using the general theory of Lebesgue integration, one can then define an integral for all Borel measurable functions formula_84 on formula_3. This integral is called the Haar integral. If formula_11 is a left Haar measure, then for any Haar integrable function formula_84 on formula_3. This is immediate for indicator functions, being essentially the definition of left invariance.