Vittarioideae worthy of subgeneric rank, while "Rheopteris" had not yet been discovered. "Haplopteris" he explicitly synonymized with "Vittaria" in 1914. Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's "Manual of Pteridology" in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940. The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of "Monogramma" is embedded in "Haplopteris"; the segregation of "Vaginularia" from "Monogramma" was also supported, as members of "Vaginularia" formed
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants agriculture for export is increasingly recognized as being unwise. Second, given the lack of empirical evidence to support this, it would make sense to encourage debate, exchange of knowledge and research on the impacts of UPOV type plant variety protection on farming, food, human rights and other public interest objectives. However, UPOV seems to be resisting this, for instance by keeping meetings secret, not making its documents available and [refusing farmers' organisations observer status with UPOV. A recent study by Professor Graham Dutfield exploring the role of UPOV concluded that UPOV's governance falls short in many different ways. In addition,