Flabellum a fan, later of an umbrella or canopy, was used as a mark of honour for bishops and princes. Prior to Vatican II, two fans of this kind were used at the Vatican whenever the pope was carried in state on the sedia gestatoria to or from an altar or audience-chamber. Through the influence of Count Ditalmo di Brozza, the fans formerly used at the Vatican were presented in 1902 to a Mrs. Joseph Drexel of Philadelphia, USA, by Pope Leo XIII; in return, she gave a new pair to the Vatican. The old ones are currently exhibited in the
On Religion five major sections: the Defense ("Apologie"), the Nature of Religion ("Über das Wesen der Religion"), the Cultivation of Religion ("Über die Bildung zur Religion"), Association in Religion ("Über das Gesellige in der Religion, oder über Kirche und Priesterthum"), and the Religions ("Über die Religionen"). The Defense ("Apologie") characterizes the four following speeches by Schleiermacher laying out of his anthropology of religion. He states, "[T]here are two points of view from which everything taking place in man or proceeding from him may be regarded. Considered from the centre outwards, that is according to its inner quality, it is an expression of