Anemometer beam exits reflect, or backscatter, the light back into a detector, where it is measured relative to the original laser beam. When the particles are in great motion, they produce a Doppler shift for measuring wind speed in the laser light, which is used to calculate the speed of the particles, and therefore the air around the anemometer. Ultrasonic anemometers, first developed in the 1950s, use ultrasonic sound waves to measure wind velocity. They measure wind speed based on the time of flight of sonic pulses between pairs of transducers. Measurements from pairs of transducers can be combined to yield
Convergence in measure formula_14, "μ" be Lebesgue measure, and "f" the constant function with value zero. (The first five terms of which are formula_19) converges to "0" globally in measure; but for no "x" does "f(x)" converge to zero. Hence "(f)" fails to converge to "f" almost everywhere. There is a topology, called the topology of (local) convergence in measure, on the collection of measurable functions from "X" such that local convergence in measure corresponds to convergence on that topology. This topology is defined by the family of pseudometrics where In general, one may restrict oneself to some subfamily of sets "F" (instead