Ultimate fate of the universe 7.5 billion years after the Big Bang, that the expansion rate of the universe has likely been increasing, commensurate with the Open Universe theory. However, other recent measurements by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe suggest that the universe is either flat or very close to flat. If formula_5, then the geometry of space is closed like the surface of a sphere. The sum of the angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees and there are no parallel lines; all lines eventually meet. The geometry of the universe is, at least on a very large scale, elliptic. In a closed universe, gravity
Zero degrees of freedom Zero degrees of freedom In statistics, the non-central chi-squared distribution with zero degrees of freedom can be used in testing the null hypothesis that a sample is from a uniform distribution on the interval (0, 1). This distribution was introduced by Andrew F. Siegel in 1979. The chi-squared distribution with "n" degrees of freedom is the probability distribution of the sum where However, if and formula_4 are independent, then the sum of squares above has a non-central chi-squared distribution with "n" degrees of freedom and "noncentrality parameter" It is trivial that a "central" chi-square distribution with zero degrees of freedom