Cup of the Ptolemies understanding, also referred to as "un-naming", seems to have been a way for pagan artifacts to be reused for Christian purposes. The cup was probably made in Alexandria, Egypt. It was once thought to date back to the Hellenistic period, c. 250 BC, but is now regarded as dating to the 1st century AD. Its supposed connection with the Ptolemies dates back to 1644, when the historian Jean Tristan de Saint-Amant argued that the vase was made for the funeral processions of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 285 until 246 BC. Later, the scholar
Ancient Celtic women of the Gauls, describes the "furor heroicus" (heroic fury) of the Gallic women, as "large as men, with flashing eyes and teeth bared." Recent research has problematised these ancient authors' statements. The position of Celtic women may have changed, especially under the influence of Roman culture and law, which saw the man as head of his household. British female rulers, like Boudicca and Cartimandua, were seen as exceptional phenomena; the position of king (Proto-Celtic "*rig-s") - in Gaul mostly replaced by two elected tribal leaders even before Caesar's time - was usually a male office. Female rulers did not always