Vittarioideae worthy of subgeneric rank, while "Rheopteris" had not yet been discovered. "Haplopteris" he explicitly synonymized with "Vittaria" in 1914. Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's "Manual of Pteridology" in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940. The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of "Monogramma" is embedded in "Haplopteris"; the segregation of "Vaginularia" from "Monogramma" was also supported, as members of "Vaginularia" formed
Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2 that becomes diabetic falls under these categories. However, what has become clear is that there are multiple loci which increase a person’s susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes. One study examined a multitude of papers, creating a detailed list of epigenetic modifications and loci associated with Type 2 diabetes. Prominent among these, was DNA methylation, or lack thereof. After examining Type 2 diabetes patients, it was found that levels of homocysteine were exceptionally high when compared to levels in individuals without the disease. Homocysteine is an intermediate that is responsible for maintaining methylation reactions in critical metabolic processes. It can be