Evolutionary history of plants and radially symmetrical, is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the multilobed integument. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous pollination. "Runcaria" sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. "Runcaria" has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the ovule. The first spermatophytes (literally: "seed plants") – that is, the first plants to bear true seeds – are called pteridosperms: literally, "seed ferns", so called because their
Pitcher Plants of the Old World field work that it involved: I prepared "Pitcher Plants of the Old World" in response to the lack of available information on dozens of species of "Nepenthes". Since many species of "Nepenthes" are not in cultivation, and also because there is often confusion concerning those that are, I resolved to study and photograph each species of "Nepenthes" and "Cephalotus" in the wild, in order to document each adequately. After graduating from university in 2006 at the age of 23, I began three years of intense research focusing on "Nepenthes" and "Cephalotus", and spent a cumulative total of eighteen months in