Head and neck anatomy may be important in the development of the BBB. Astrocytes may also be responsible for transporting ions (electrolytes) from the brain to the blood. Blood from the brain and neck flows from: (1) within the cranium via the internal jugular veins, a continuation of the sigmoid sinuses. The right and left external jugular veins drain from the parotid glands, facial muscles, scalp into the subclavian veins. The right and left vertebral veins drain the vertebrae and muscles into the right subclavian vein and into the superior vena cava, into the right atrium of the heart. The lymphatic system drains the
Varicose veins insufficiency method (CHIVA), which intends saving the veins, decreases varicose veins and is safer than vein stripping in those with chronic venous insufficiency. CHIVA comes from the French translation for the technique, conservatrice et hémodynamique de l'insuffisance veineuse en ambulatoire. The operation involves performing one to four small incisions on average, under local anesthesia, to remove by precise ligatures abnormal blood flow due to valvular incontinence and responsible for varicose vein dilation. The patient returns home the same day. This method tends to correct the venous functions in order to cure the symptoms of venous insufficiency such as varicose veins,