Vittarioideae worthy of subgeneric rank, while "Rheopteris" had not yet been discovered. "Haplopteris" he explicitly synonymized with "Vittaria" in 1914. Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's "Manual of Pteridology" in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940. The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of "Monogramma" is embedded in "Haplopteris"; the segregation of "Vaginularia" from "Monogramma" was also supported, as members of "Vaginularia" formed
Evolutionary history of plants of water and mineral nutrients such as phosphorus, in exchange for organic compounds which they could not synthesize themselves. Such fungi increase the productivity even of simple plants such as liverworts. To photosynthesise, plants must absorb from the atmosphere. However, this comes at a price, since making the tissues available for to enter allows water to evaporate. Water is lost much faster than is absorbed, so plants need to replace it. Early land plants transported water apoplastically, within the porous walls of their cells. Later, they evolved the ability to control water loss (and acquisition) through the use of a