Vittarioideae worthy of subgeneric rank, while "Rheopteris" had not yet been discovered. "Haplopteris" he explicitly synonymized with "Vittaria" in 1914. Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's "Manual of Pteridology" in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940. The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of "Monogramma" is embedded in "Haplopteris"; the segregation of "Vaginularia" from "Monogramma" was also supported, as members of "Vaginularia" formed
Pitcher Plants of the Old World field work that it involved: I prepared "Pitcher Plants of the Old World" in response to the lack of available information on dozens of species of "Nepenthes". Since many species of "Nepenthes" are not in cultivation, and also because there is often confusion concerning those that are, I resolved to study and photograph each species of "Nepenthes" and "Cephalotus" in the wild, in order to document each adequately. After graduating from university in 2006 at the age of 23, I began three years of intense research focusing on "Nepenthes" and "Cephalotus", and spent a cumulative total of eighteen months in