Appeal of 18 June as the beginning of the Resistance and Free French, historians have shown that the appeal was heard only by a minority of French people. De Gaulle's 22 June 1940 speech on the BBC was more widely heard. General de Gaulle became the "de facto" leader of the Free French Forces that had escaped to London in June 1940. Marshal Philippe Pétain, a hero of World War I, pledged to sign an armistice with Nazi Germany, and led the collaborating Vichy government while the Germans occupied the country's northern portion and several leading politicians, including Georges Mandel, Leon Blum, Pierre Mendès
Jumping Frenchmen of Maine disorders in the typology of what he called "convulsive tic illness", that included what later came to be known as Tourette syndrome. Kushner argues that none of the patients studied by Tourette supported this assertion, and says that "many of his contemporaries refuted Gilles de la Tourette's typology". The humorist E.C. Bentley wrote a limerick on the subject: In the first episode, season 2 of "Trial and Error" Anne Flatch has this, among her numerous neuroses. Kushner, HI. "A cursing brain?: The histories of Tourette syndrome". Harvard University Press, 2000. Jumping Frenchmen of Maine The Jumping Frenchmen of Maine were