Guatemalan quetzal 5, 10, 20 and 100 quetzales, with quetzal notes added in 1933. In 1946, the Bank of Guatemala took over the issuance of paper money, with its first issues being overprints on notes of the Central Bank. Except for the introduction of 50 quetzales notes in 1967, the denominations of banknotes were unchanged until and 1 quetzal coins replaced notes at the end of the 1990s. In the top-right corner of the obverse face of each banknote, the value is displayed in Mayan numerals, representing Guatemala's cultural history. The Bank of Guatemala has introduced a polymer banknote of 1 quetzal
Monetary-disequilibrium theory Monetary-disequilibrium theory Monetary disequilibrium theory is a product of the Monetarist school and is mainly represented in the works of Leland Yeager and Austrian macroeconomics. The basic concept of monetary equilibrium (disequilibrium) was, however, defined in terms of an individual's demand for cash balance by Mises (1912) in his "Theory of Money and Credit". Monetary disequilibrium is one of three theories of macroeconomic fluctuations which accord an important role to money, the others being the Austrian theory of the business cycle and one based on rational expectations. Leland Yeager's (1968) understanding of the monetary disequilibrium theory begins with fundamental properties