Official language of privately owned TV-channels must be translated into Russian (a similar privilege is granted to Arabic), warnings must be translated to several languages, signs are mostly trilingual (Hebrew, Arabic and English), and the government supports Yiddish and Ladino culture (alongside Hebrew culture and Arabic culture). The Constitution of Latvia (or Satversme) designated Latvian as the state language. In 2012 there was initiative to hold a referendum on constitutional amendments, elevating Russian as a state language. Kristīne Jarinovska in her analysis describes the proposal in the following way: It proposed several constitutional amendments for introducing Russian as Latvia's second official language—i.e.,
Turks in Egypt Turkish descendants in Egypt. This is because Egypt's official censuses do not allow its citizens to declare their ethnic origin, language, or religion. An estimate from 1971 suggested that the population of Cretan Turks alone numbered 100,000 in Egypt. According to an article by Gamal Nkrumah in the Egyptian Al-Ahram Weekly, estimates regarding the population of the Turkish minority vary considerably, ranging from 100,000 to 1,500,000. In 1993 the Turkish scholar Prof. Dr. Metin Akar claimed that there was 1.5 million Turks living in Egypt. Some Turkish scholars have suggested considerably higher estimates. For example, in 2016, the Turkish journalist