Treaty of Guarantee (1960) Treaty of Guarantee (1960) The Treaty of Guarantee is a treaty between the Republic of Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland promulgated in 1960. Article I bans Cyprus from participating in any political union or economic union with any other state. Article II requires the other parties to guarantee the independence, territorial integrity and security of Cyprus. Article IV reserves the right of the guarantor powers to take action to re-establish the current state of affairs in Cyprus, a provision which was used as justification for the Turkish invasion of 1974. The treaty
British intervention in Spanish American independence British intervention in Spanish American independence The British intervention in the Spanish American wars of independence was the military, political and diplomatic attitudes adopted by the United Kingdom, and also the attitude of its merchants and private citizens during the course of South American Wars of Independence. The involvement of Great Britain in the war between the Spanish monarchy and the insurgents or revolutionaries was ambiguous and changing, and obeyed various interests, both private and state, which did not always coincide. The process of Spanish-American independence was developed in a context of international rivalry of colonial powers that involved Spain,