Institutional racism reforms of the spoils system in place since the 1830s, and abuses of the post-war Grant-Jacksonian era; when Congress authorized the president to appoint a Civil Service Commission and prescribe regulations for admission to public service. A dis-satisfied office-seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881 and Congress was motivated to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 which firmly established civil service. During reconstruction, this enabled the federal government to provide jobs for newly freed blacks in the south (primarily the Postal Service) where no other employment opportunities existed for them. Since the inception of the merit system in
1881 in Australian literature 1881 in Australian literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1881. For an overview of world literature see 1881 in literature. "See also:" 1880 in Australian literature, 1881 in Australia, 1882 in Australian literature. A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1881 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death. Unknown date A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or