Political appointments in the United States federal government until 1883. In 1820 Congress limited federal administrators to four-year terms, which led to constant turnover; by the 1860s and the Civil War, patronage had led to widespread inefficiency and political corruption. Although it used to be confined to cabinet positions, department heads, and foreign ambassadorships, by the 1860s patronage had spread to low-level government positions. This meant that when the incumbent political party lost a presidential election, the federal government underwent wholesale turnover. On July 2, 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disaffected and mentally unstable political office seeker, assassinated President James Garfield. This highlighted how much the
SS Waxholm (1881) sold for scrap, and was scrapped in Hamburg, Germany. After the 1881-built "Waxholm" had been scrapped, the Waxholmsbolaget reused her name on a 1909-built steamer that had previously been named "Express II" and, before that, "Brevik". SS Waxholm (1881) The Waxholm was a steam ship that was built in 1881, at Stockholm in Sweden, for the Waxholmsbolaget. She operated on services throughout the Stockholm archipelago for that company until 1956, when she was scrapped. The "Waxholm" was built in 1881 by , on Sodermalm in Stockholm, for the Waxholms Ångfartygs AB, better known as the Waxholmsbolaget. Her design would set