Wall of Severus as the mid-5th century predating the 8th-century reign of the Saxon King Offa of Mercia by 300 years. Septimius Severus arrived in Caledonia in 208 after Picts began making a series of attacks and incursions since 197. During these military operations in Scotland, the Wall of Severus was reportedly built. Cassius Dio, a Roman historian who lived at the time of Severus, makes no direct mention to any new fortification but does allude to the existing Antonine and Hadrian Walls. Late Roman historians interchange the name Severan Wall with the Antonine Wall. Other historical writers like Bede - an 8th-century
Scotland during the Roman Empire to purchase truces from the natives, and eventually the spread of Christianity. The Ravenna Cosmography utilises a 3rd- or 4th-century Roman map and identifies four "loci" (meeting places, possibly markets) in southern Scotland. "Locus Maponi" is possibly the modern Lochmabenstane near Gretna which continued to be used as a muster point well into the historic period. Two of the others indicate meeting places of the Damnonii and Selgovae, and the fourth, "Manavi" may be Clackmannan. From the time of Caracalla onwards, no further attempts were made to permanently occupy territory in Scotland. The intermittent Roman presence in Scotland coincided with