Binary scaling angles are added using normal two's complement mathematics, the rotation of the angles is correct, even when crossing the sign boundary (this of course does away with checks for angle ≥ 360° when handling normal degrees). The terms binary angular measurement (BAM) and binary angular measurement system (BAMS) as well as brads (binary radians or binary degree) refer to implementations of binary angles. They find use in robotics, navigation, computer games, and digital sensors. No matter what bit-pattern is stored in a binary angle, when it is multiplied by 180° (or π) using standard signed fixed-point arithmetic, the result is
Degrees of freedom (statistics) vector (made up of "n" − 1 degrees of freedom within each of the populations). In statistical testing problems, one usually isn't interested in the component vectors themselves, but rather in their squared lengths, or Sum of Squares. The degrees of freedom associated with a sum-of-squares is the degrees-of-freedom of the corresponding component vectors. The three-population example above is an example of one-way Analysis of Variance. The model, or treatment, sum-of-squares is the squared length of the second vector, with 2 degrees of freedom. The residual, or error, sum-of-squares is with 3("n"−1) degrees of freedom. Of course, introductory books on