Catamarca Province Plata was created in 1776, Catamarca obtained the title of "Subintendencia" under the Salta intendency. In 1821, the province claimed its autonomy, and Nicolás Avellaneda y Tula (grandfather of Nicolás Avellaneda) was elected as the first governor of the province. The name is believed to come either from Quechua "cata" 'slope' and "marca" 'fortress', or from Aymara "catán" 'small' and "marca" 'town'. Catamarca remained isolated from the rest of Argentina by its mountains until 1888, when the rapidly expanding railways first appeared in the province. Attracting immigrants with its spacious, fertile valleys and dry, agreeable weather, Catamarca was soon favored
Tulio Capriles Mendoza campaign operative. His feared techniques were often referred to as the “Tulio guillotine." During his tenure as Assistant Minister of Public Information, Mendoza oversaw a confidential division ran operations involving the publication and dissemination of media through TV, radio, and print that promoted Chávez's political reform agenda. For example, in 2004, Mendoza executed a program known as Operation Americas, wherein Mendoza and his team produced television commercials under the guise of consumer good advertising. Embedded in the advertisements were messages promoting an anti-American sentiment. In 2001, Mendoza created 27 newspapers throughout the country, secretly on behalf of Chávez. He hired