Trough battery Trough battery The trough battery was a variant of Alessandro Volta's Voltaic Pile and was invented by William Cruickshank c. 1800. Volta's battery consisted of brine-soaked pieces of cloth sandwiched between zinc and copper discs, piled in a stack. This resulted in electrolyte leakage as the weight of the discs squeezed the electrolyte out of the cloth. Cruickshank solved this problem by laying the battery on its side in a rectangular box. The inside of this box was lined with shellac for insulation, and pairs of welded-together zinc and copper plates were laid out in this box, evenly spaced. The
Electric vehicle battery the cost of automotive battery packs to be between to per kilowatt-hour by 2020. A 2013 study by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy reported that battery costs came down from per kWh in 2007 to per kWh in 2012. The U.S. Department of Energy has set cost targets for its sponsored battery research of per kWh in 2015 and per kWh by 2022. Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. In 2016, the world had a Li-Ion production capacity