Monarchy of the United Kingdom children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "Union of the Crowns". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch – James I became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the
Tunnelling the English Channel plays the leader of the Salvation Army parade. King Edward was played by a wash-house attendant who closely resembled the monarch, reprising a role he had played five years before in Méliès's film "The Coronation of Edward VII". Special effects used in the film include stage machinery, pyrotechnics, substitution splices, superimpositions, and dissolves. "Tunneling the English Channel" was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 936–950 in its catalogues, where it was advertised as a "fantaisie burlesque à grand spectacle en 30 tableaux". For many of his longer films, Georges Méliès prepared a "boniment", a spoken commentary explaining