Political appointments in the United States federal government until 1883. In 1820 Congress limited federal administrators to four-year terms, which led to constant turnover; by the 1860s and the Civil War, patronage had led to widespread inefficiency and political corruption. Although it used to be confined to cabinet positions, department heads, and foreign ambassadorships, by the 1860s patronage had spread to low-level government positions. This meant that when the incumbent political party lost a presidential election, the federal government underwent wholesale turnover. On July 2, 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disaffected and mentally unstable political office seeker, assassinated President James Garfield. This highlighted how much the
Cerruti 1881 Cerruti 1881 Cerruti 1881 is a brand of the fashion house Cerruti founded in 1967 in Paris by the Italian stylist and fashion producer Nino Cerruti. The Cerruti house designs, manufactures, distributes, and retails luxury ready-to-wear, jeans, fragrances, sportswear, leather goods, watches, and accessories. The brand markets these products under several, highly specialized sub-labels including "Cerruti 1881", "Cerruti 18CRR81", "Cerruti Jeans", "Cerruti Parfums". In 1967 the Cerruti label was launched with the opening of the flagship store, at 3 Place de la Madeleine in Paris, France, in order to be closer to the international fashion capital. The place is also