Institutional racism reforms of the spoils system in place since the 1830s, and abuses of the post-war Grant-Jacksonian era; when Congress authorized the president to appoint a Civil Service Commission and prescribe regulations for admission to public service. A dis-satisfied office-seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881 and Congress was motivated to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 which firmly established civil service. During reconstruction, this enabled the federal government to provide jobs for newly freed blacks in the south (primarily the Postal Service) where no other employment opportunities existed for them. Since the inception of the merit system in
CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Harbour until they were withdrawn and scrapped between 1913 and 1935. The numbers, builders, works numbers, dates ordered, SAR numbers and disposition of these locomotives are listed in the table. CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 The Cape Government Railways 0-4-0ST of 1881 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. Between 1881 and 1904, thirteen 0-4-0 saddle-tank locomotives entered shunting service at the Table Bay Harbour in Cape Town. They were virtually identical to three Brunel gauge locomotives which entered service as breakwater construction locomotives in Table Bay Harbour between 1881 and 1893. In