Roman roads in Britannia the military road from Carlisle to Corbridge, was built under the Emperor Trajan (ruled 98–117 AD) along the line of the future Hadrian's Wall, which was constructed by his successor Hadrian in 122–132 AD. Scotland ("Caledonia"), including England north of Hadrian's Wall, remained mostly outside the boundaries of "Britannia" province, as the Romans never succeeded in subjugating the entire island, despite a serious effort to do so by governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola in 82–84 AD. However, the Romans maintained a system of forts in the lowland region ca. 80–220 AD to control the indigenous population beyond Hadrian's Wall and annexed
Scotland during the Roman Empire utterance, attributable with any reasonable degree of confidence, to a native of Scotland was made. When Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women, the wife (whose name is unknown) of the Caledonian chief Argentocoxos allegedly replied: "We fulfill the demands of nature in a much better way than do you Roman women; for we consort openly with the best men, whereas you let yourselves be debauched in secret by the vilest." Little is known about this alliance of Iron Age tribes, which may have been augmented by fugitives from Roman rule further south.