Artificial heart of instances of bleeding, and asked several times to be allowed to die. On April 4, 1969, Domingo Liotta and Denton A. Cooley replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical heart inside the chest at The Texas Heart Institute in Houston as a bridge for a transplant. The man woke up and began to recover. After 64 hours, the pneumatic-powered artificial heart was removed and replaced by a donor heart. However thirty-two hours after transplantation, the man died of what was later proved to be an acute pulmonary infection, extended to both lungs, caused by fungi, most likely caused
Human artificial chromosome artificial chromosome vectors. The first is to create a small minichromosome by altering a natural human chromosome. This is accomplished by truncating the natural chromosome, followed by the introduction of unique genetic material via the Cre-Lox system of recombination. The second method involves the literal creation of a novel chromosome "de novo". Progress regarding "de novo" HAC formation has been limited, as many large genomic fragments will not successfully integrate into "de novo" vectors. Another factor limiting "de novo" vector formation is limited knowledge of what elements are required for construction, specifically centromeric sequences. A 2009 study has shown additional