Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Toruń Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Toruń The Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in the home town of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was erected in 1853 by a "monument committee" of the city's residents. King Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712–1786) intended to erect a monument at Copernicus' grave in Frauenburg (Frombork), but the grave could not be located. Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) lived in Thorn (Toruń), then in the Kingdom of Poland, for many years. In the late 18th century, Poland was partitioned and the city of Thorn passed to Prussia. From 1807 to 1813, the city was part of the Duchy of Warsaw,
Nicolas Rapin "La Douche"), and at times idealized and Neoplatonic ("L'Amour philosophe"). He also wrote eclogues praising the country life, as in Horace ("Les Plaisirs du gentilhomme champestre", 1575 and "Elegie Patorale pour un Adieu", 1581-3), epitaphs on war ("Le Siège de Poitiers") and occasional verse of consolation, victory and other matters. His satirical vein is most apparent in his contributions to the Satire Ménippée (1593/1594) which railed against the Holy League. Finally, his will and the 30 letters by Rapin that have survived are important documents of late-Renaissance humanism in France. Nicolas Rapin Nicolas Rapin (1535 – 16 February 1608) was