Renaissance in Poland Renaissance in Poland The Renaissance in Poland (; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (from 1569 part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. The multi-national Polish state experienced a period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars – aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated eastern and southern borderlands. The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot The text of part of an earlier version of this article was taken from the public domain resource "A Short Account of the History of Mathematics" by W. W. Rouse Ball (4th Edition, 1908) Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (; 1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist, often described as the "father of thermodynamics". Like Copernicus, he published only one book, the "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire" (Paris, 1824), in which he expressed, at the age of 27 years, the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of