Osmotic nephrosis condition, or it may confused with other nephrotic conditions such as Tubular calcineurin-inhibitor toxicity. Affected cells of the proximal tubule may be passed in the urine, but a kidney biopsy is the only sure way to make a diagnosis. Responsible exogenous solutes include sucrose-containing IVIg, mannitol, dextran, contrast dye, and hydroxyethyl starch. Prevention includes standard preventions for iatrogenic kidney damage. Osmotic nephrosis is usually reversible but can lead to chronic renal failure. Osmotic nephrosis Osmotic nephrosis refers to structural changes that occur at the cellular level in the human kidney. Cells, primarily of the straight proximal tubule, swell due to
Juxtaoral organ of Chievitz a topographical point of view – as "Juxtaoral organ" by Zenker and Salzer 1962. The results of the studies of Zenker and his group on this organ as well as the history of research are summarised in the monograph "Juxtaoral Organ: Morphology and Clinical aspects", Urban&Schwarzenberg 1982. It can very rarely be the site of a tumor. It was first noted in embryos by Johan Henrik Chievitz in 1885. Juxtaoral organ of Chievitz The juxtaoral organ in humans is a small longish structure (10–14 mm in length, 1–2 mm in diameter), situated medially to the medial pterygoid muscle. The organ