Prime number the 1970s, mathematicians and physicists have speculated that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are connected to the energy levels of quantum systems. Prime numbers are also significant in quantum information science, thanks to mathematical structures such as mutually unbiased bases and symmetric informationally complete positive-operator-valued measures. The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus "Magicicada" makes use of prime numbers. These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years, at which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a
Prime number is also a sufficient condition for formula_20 to be prime. Wilson's theorem says that an integer formula_145 is prime if and only if the factorial formula_146 is congruent to formula_147 mod formula_20. For a composite this cannot hold, since one of its factors divides both and formula_149, and so formula_150 is impossible. The formula_20-adic order formula_152 of an integer formula_1 is the number of copies of formula_20 in the prime factorization of formula_1. The same concept can be extended from integers to rational numbers by defining the formula_20-adic order of a fraction formula_157 to be formula_158. The formula_20-adic absolute value