Domingo Liotta Hospital, Houston, Texas. First Clinical use. 1966 (August 8): Liotta-DeBakey LVAD in a paracorporeal position in cardiogenic shock postcardiotomy, Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas. First successful clinical use. 1969 (April 4): Liotta-Cooley Total Artificial Heart, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas. First clinical use. http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/Research/Devices/liotta.cfm. This device was stolen from the lab of Dr. Michael E. DeBakey by Liotta. Dr. Cooley was not involved in any way in its development. The device had not been successful in animal experiments, and while the patient had the artificial heart in place he developed multiple system organ failure, as the experimental animals had, and died
Human artificial chromosome benefits of HACs, namely their ability to stably contain extremely large genomic fragments. Researchers incorporated the 2.4Mb dystrophin gene, in which a mutation is a key causal element of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The resulting HAC was mitotically stable, and correctly expressed dystrophin in chimeric mice. Previous attempts at correctly expressing dystrophin have failed. Due to its large size, it has never before been successfully integrated into a vector. In 2010, a refined human artificial chromosome called 21HAC was reported. 21HAC is based on a stripped copy of human chromosome 21, producing a chromosome 5Mb in length. Truncation of chromosome 21