Seppuku by a tight field dressing, and then perish, bringing about a dramatic end. Some samurai chose to perform a considerably more taxing form of seppuku known as "jūmonji giri" (十文字切り, "cross-shaped cut"), in which there is no kaishakunin to put a quick end to the samurai's suffering. It involves a second and more painful vertical cut on the belly. A samurai performing "jūmonji giri" was expected to bear his suffering quietly until he bleeds to death, passing away with his hands over his face. Female ritual suicide (incorrectly referred to in some English sources as jigai), was practiced by the
Samurai Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground. As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of "lamellar armor", this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as "yoroi". These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as "kozane". The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer