Aiki (martial arts principle) Aiki (martial arts principle) Aiki from a Japanese budo term, at its most basic is a principle that allows a conditioned practitioner to negate or redirect an opponent's power. When applied, the aiki practitioner controls the actions of the attacker with minimal effort and with a distinct absence of muscular tension usually associated with physical effort. In Japanese "Aiki" is formed from two kanji: The kanji for "ai" is made of three radicals, "join", "one" and "mouth". Hence, "ai" symbolizes things coming together, merging. Aiki should not be confused with "wa" which refers to harmony. The kanji for "ki" represents
Copyright term extension, he is not arguing against copyright. This point is well made by Macaulay himself: Liebowitz describes use of the term monopoly in relation to copyright as misleading, but "rhetorically effective". While Towse writes that a more appropriate term is 'monopolistic competition'. In 2009, a paper by Rufus Pollock of University of Cambridge scientifically quantified the optimal copyright term length at 15 years, significantly shorter than any currently existing copyright term, via an economical model with empirically-estimable parameters. In 2013 scholar Petra Moser concluded in a paper on the impact of the copyright extension on the British Copyright Act of