Nicholas Lodge and other equipment for the home economics department. Lodge traveled to the United States in the 1980s to demonstrate at the International Cake Exploration Societé (ICES) convention. At the time, most American cakes were covered with thick buttercream icing. Many of the students in Lodge's classes had never seen the techniques he was using to decorate cakes with royal icing and rolled fondant. Feeling like the cake decorating field had become saturated in England, Lodge decided to move to the United States and teach classes on cake decorating. During a two-week class in Atlanta, Georgia, he decided to make the
Aluminium foam sandwich bonding. Foams used in this method are either closed-cell or open-cell. When a closed-cell foam is used then it is produced from aluminium alloys either by liquid metal route (e.g. Alporas, Cymat) or by powder metallurgy route. Open-cell foam core is made of aluminium and other metals as well. Face sheets are chosen from a variety of aluminium alloy, and other metals such as steel. For in-situ bonded face sheets the core is closed-cell foam. The goal of in-situ bonding is to create a metallic bonding between the foam core and face sheets. This is achieved in three ways. A