Osmotic nephrosis Osmotic nephrosis Osmotic nephrosis refers to structural changes that occur at the cellular level in the human kidney. Cells, primarily of the straight proximal tubule, swell due to the formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm. These vacuoles occur in the presence of large amounts of certain solutes circulating in the tubules. However, despite the condition's name, the solutes do not cause change through osmotic forces but through pinocytosis. Once inside the cytoplasm, pinocytic vacuoles combine with each other and with lysosomes to form large vacuoles that appear transparent under microscopic examination. There may be no symptomatic presentation with this
Corticobasal degeneration Corticobasal degeneration Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBgD or CBGD) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. CBgD symptoms typically begin in people from 50 to 70 years of age, and the average disease duration is six years. It is characterized by marked disorders in movement and cognitive dysfunction, and is classified as one of the Parkinson plus syndromes. Clinical diagnosis is difficult, as symptoms of CBgD are often similar to those of other disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Due to the various clinical