Nicholas Lodge and other equipment for the home economics department. Lodge traveled to the United States in the 1980s to demonstrate at the International Cake Exploration Societé (ICES) convention. At the time, most American cakes were covered with thick buttercream icing. Many of the students in Lodge's classes had never seen the techniques he was using to decorate cakes with royal icing and rolled fondant. Feeling like the cake decorating field had become saturated in England, Lodge decided to move to the United States and teach classes on cake decorating. During a two-week class in Atlanta, Georgia, he decided to make the
Sea foam include petroleum compounds, pesticides, and herbicides. Structurally, sea foam is thermodynamically unstable, though some sea foam can persist in the environment for several days at most. There are two types of sea foam categorized based on their stability: 1) Unstable or transient foams have very short lifetimes of only seconds. The bubbles formed in sea foam may burst releasing aerosols into the air, contributing to sea spray. 2) Metastable foams can have a lifetime of several hours to several days; their duration is sometimes attributed to small particles of silica, calcium, or iron which contribute to foam stability and longevity.