Aiki (martial arts principle) and its practice is often kept within a particular individual or two from a family/school lineage. Culturally, and due to certain necessities of the time period, the aiki knowledge was usually a very well guarded secret and rarely disclosed. The oldest book to have historically discuss aiki was the 1899 Budo Hiketsu-Aiki no Jutsu. On the subject of aiki it was written: The Textbook of Jujutsu (Jujutsu Kyoju-sho Ryu no Maki) from 1913 wrote: Aiki (martial arts principle) Aiki from a Japanese budo term, at its most basic is a principle that allows a conditioned practitioner to negate or redirect
Soviet–Japanese War Hiroshima" issue of the Weekly Standard, American historian Richard B. Frank points out that there are a number of schools of thought with varying opinions of what caused the Japanese to surrender. He describes what he calls the "traditionalist" view, which asserts that the Japanese surrendered because the Americans dropped the atomic bombs. He goes on to summarise other points of view. Tsuyoshi Hasegawa's research has led him to conclude that the atomic bombings were not the principal reason for Japan's capitulation. He argues that Japan's leaders were impacted more by the swift and devastating Soviet victories on the mainland