Seppuku known as harakiri (腹切り, "cutting the stomach"); the term "harakiri" (often misspelled/mispronounced "hiri-kiri" or hari-kari by English speakers) is more familiar to non-Japanese speakers than the term "seppuku". "Harakiri" is written with the same kanji as "Seppuku", but in reverse order with an okurigana. In Japanese, the more formal "seppuku", a Chinese "on'yomi" reading, is typically used in writing, while "harakiri", a native "kun'yomi" reading, is used in speech. Ross notes, It is commonly pointed out that hara-kiri is a vulgarism, but this is a misunderstanding. Hara-kiri is a Japanese reading or "Kun-yomi" of the characters; as it became customary
Samurai Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground. As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of "lamellar armor", this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as "yoroi". These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as "kozane". The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer