Domingo Liotta University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 1962-64: Advanced Research Fellow of the American Heart Association. 1963-69: Co-Director of the Baylor-Rice Artificial Heart Program shared with Michael E. DeBakey and C. William Hall. Houston, Texas. 1964-71: Assistant Professor of Surgery, Baylor University College of Medicine, Chairman of the Department: Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, Houston, Texas. 1970-71: Director of Surgical Research, Texas Heart Institute, Chief of Cardiovascular Service Denton A. Cooley, Houston, Texas. 1971-74: Surgeon-in-Chief, Carlos Durand Public Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1971-90: Surgeon-in-Chief, Service of Cardiovascular Surgery, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1973-74: Secretary of State for Public Health, Argentina.
Human artificial chromosome by these vectors not only leads to different expression levels, but the inserts also disrupt the original genome. HACs differ in this regard, as they are entirely separate chromosomes. This separation from existing genetic material assumes that no insertional mutants would arise. This stability and accuracy makes HACs preferable to other methods such as viral vectors, YACs and BACs. HACs allow for delivery of more DNA (including promoters and copy-number variation) than is possible with viral vectors. Yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were created before human artificial chromosomes, which first appeared in 1997. HACs are useful in expression