Aiki (martial arts principle) and its practice is often kept within a particular individual or two from a family/school lineage. Culturally, and due to certain necessities of the time period, the aiki knowledge was usually a very well guarded secret and rarely disclosed. The oldest book to have historically discuss aiki was the 1899 Budo Hiketsu-Aiki no Jutsu. On the subject of aiki it was written: The Textbook of Jujutsu (Jujutsu Kyoju-sho Ryu no Maki) from 1913 wrote: Aiki (martial arts principle) Aiki from a Japanese budo term, at its most basic is a principle that allows a conditioned practitioner to negate or redirect
Copyright term extension, he is not arguing against copyright. This point is well made by Macaulay himself: Liebowitz describes use of the term monopoly in relation to copyright as misleading, but "rhetorically effective". While Towse writes that a more appropriate term is 'monopolistic competition'. In 2009, a paper by Rufus Pollock of University of Cambridge scientifically quantified the optimal copyright term length at 15 years, significantly shorter than any currently existing copyright term, via an economical model with empirically-estimable parameters. In 2013 scholar Petra Moser concluded in a paper on the impact of the copyright extension on the British Copyright Act of