Circulatory system of the horse capacity of the muscular system far exceeds the capacity of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen. Blood is made up of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes), as well as plasma. Produced in bone marrow, red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissue and removing carbon dioxide, all via hemoglobin. White blood cells are used for defense against pathogens in the immune system. Plasma suspends the blood cells, contains clotting factors, and contributes to the greatest volume of blood. The heart and blood vessels contain approximately of blood in a horse, which equates to about
Short-chain fatty acid colon health because it is the primary energy source for colonic cells. Short-chain fatty acid Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), also referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), are fatty acids with less than six carbon atoms. Free SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier via monocarboxylate transporters. Short-chain fatty acids are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the colon. Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed through the portal vein during lipid digestion, while long-chain fatty acids are packed into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic capillaries, and enter the blood first at the subclavian vein. Short-chain fatty acids