Thermosphere gas and the ionospheric plasma. The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere, between . It is convenient to separate the atmospheric regions according to the two temperature minima at about 12 km altitude (the tropopause) and at about 85 km (the mesopause) (Figure 1). The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 km, while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near 45 km altitude and causes the ozone layer. The density
The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth are all the languages in "The Lord of the Rings", except for Entish (of which no real examples are given; the closest we get is Elvish words strung together in an Entish manner, a sort of Ent pidgin). The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth is a book on the languages of Middle-earth by Ruth S. Noel. The first edition, entitled "The Languages of Middle-earth", was published in 1974 by Mirage Press, Baltimore. The revised version was published in 1980 by Houghton Mifflin. Ruth S. Noel, also known as Atanielle Annyn Noel, is the author of "The