Spanish Empire for governance of large indigenous populations. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats ("letrados") for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. The end of the Hapsburg dynasty in 1700 saw major administrative reforms in the eighteenth century under the Bourbon monarchy, starting with the first Spanish Bourbon monarch, Philip V (r. 1700-1746) and reaching its apogee under Charles III (r. 1759-1788). The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government." Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the
The Exception and the Rule be seen as arguing in favor of Brecht's Marxist politics. Brecht wishes to protest against established rule, in which the working class is allegedly exploited, and bias us in a set of future rules. "He hanshan" ("The Confronted undershirt"), a Yuan Dynasty-era Chinese play, was the model for "The Exception and the Rule". The scholar Antony Tatlow discovered this relationship through archival materials. The Exception and the Rule The Exception and the Rule (in German Die Ausnahme und die Regel) is a short play by German playwright Bertolt Brecht and is one of several "Lehrstücke" (Teaching plays) he wrote around