History of serfdom process, referred to as "second serfdom" or "export-led serfdom", persisted until the mid-19th century and became very repressive and substantially limited serfs' rights. Before the 1861 abolition of serfdom in Russia, a landowner's estate was often measured by the number of "souls" he owned, a practice made famous by Gogol's 1842 novel "Dead Souls". Many of these countries abolished serfdom during the Napoleonic invasions of the early 19th century. Serfdom remained in force in most of Russia until the Emancipation reform of 1861, enacted on February 19, 1861, though in the Russian-controlled Baltic provinces it had been abolished at the
Crime in Russia Crime in Russia Crime in Russia is combated by the Russian police and other agencies. In 2016, the murder rate in Russia was 7 per 100,000 people, according to Rosstat, also known as the Russian Federal State Statistics Service. According to UNODC, the corresponding figure is a bit higher at 9.2.[https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims ] Either way, it represents a significant decrease over the previous 15 years (in 2001, the homicide rate was 30.5). In the first quarter of 2018, murder rate in Russia fell by 15% year-over-year; and if the trend continues for the rest of the year, the murder rate will