Masonry oven India, tandoors are traditional clay ovens, although these days modern electrically fired tandoors are available. The open-topped tandoor is a transitional design between the earth oven and the Roman-plan masonry oven. In the precolumbian Americas, similar ovens were often made of clay or adobe and are now referred to by the Spanish term "horno" (meaning "oven"). Horns are also traditional in the American Southwest. The traditional direct-fired masonry design is often called a "Roman" or "black" oven and dates in Western culture to at least the Roman Republic. It is known as a black oven because the fire generates soot
Henry Clay Caldwell Henry Clay Caldwell Henry Clay Caldwell (September 4, 1832 – February 15, 1915) was a United States federal judge and a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Caldwell was born in what is now Marshall County, West Virginia, in 1835, in what was then Indian territory, and was largely self-educated, a circumstance credited with the cultivation of a homespun philosophy. He moved with his parents to Iowa in 1837, where his father, Van Caldwell, once a wealthy Virginia farmer, took land in the "Black Hawk Purchase" at Bentonsport and operated the first licensed ferry on the Des Moines