Paris under Napoleon Each of the twelve arrondissements had its own mayor, but their power was limited to enforcing the decrees of Napoleon's ministers. After he crowned himself Emperor on December 2, 1804, Napoleon began a series of projects to make Paris into an imperial capital to rival ancient Rome. He built monuments to French military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, the column in Place Vendôme, and the future church of the Madeleine, intended as a temple to military heroes; and began the Arc de Triomphe. To improve the circulation of traffic in central Paris, he built a wide new
Crowned republic it is an informal term there is no set definition as to what a crowned republic means and what precisely constitutes the difference between a constitutional monarchy and a "crowned republic". Subsequently, different individuals have described various states as crowned republics for varied reasons. For example James Bryce wrote in 1921 that "By Monarchy I understand the thing not the Name "i.e." not any State the head of which is called King or Emperor, but one in which the personal will of the monarch is constantly effective, and in the last resort predominant, factor of government. Thus, while such a