Being and Nothingness Being and Nothingness Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (), sometimes published with the subtitle A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology, is a 1943 book by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, in which the author asserts the individual's existence as prior to the individual's essence ("existence precedes essence") and seeks to demonstrate that free will exists. While a prisoner of war in 1940 and 1941, Sartre read Martin Heidegger's "Being and Time" (1927). Heidegger's work, an ontological investigation through the lens and method of Husserlian phenomenology (Edmund Husserl was Heidegger's teacher), initiated Sartre's own philosophical enquiry. Though influenced by Heidegger,
Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist 1974. In 2013 an edition with a new foreword by the philosopher Alexander Nehamas was published. "Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist" was reviewed by Chris Terry in "Times Higher Education". The book was also discussed by the philosopher Richard Rorty in "The New Republic". Rorty described the book as "path-breaking", but wrote that it had been superseded by the philosopher Richard Schacht's "Nietzsche" (1983), which in Rorty's view was more comprehensive, better organized and more helpful to readers who were new to Nietzsche and needed help in understanding the apparent contradictions in Nietzsche's views. "Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist" received positive reviews