Land mine invention by the Polish officer Józef Kosacki. His invention, known as the Polish mine detector, was used by the Allies alongside mechanical methods, to clear the German mine fields during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army. The Nazis used captured civilians who were chased across minefields to detonate the explosives. According to Laurence Rees "Curt von Gottberg, the SS-Obergruppenführer who, during 1943, conducted another huge anti-partisan action called Operation Kottbus on the eastern border of Belarus, reported that 'approximately two to three thousand local people were blown up in
Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1913) Chataldzha line. In general the Bulgarians had the capture of Adrianople as their priority while the remaining three field armies of some 284,121 men were to assume a defensive stance and repel the Ottoman offensive. First Army was commanded by Lieutenant-General Vasil Kutinchev, who was also appointed commander of the combined First and Third armies. Third Army was commanded by Lieutenant-General Radko Dimitriev. Fourth Army was commanded by Major-General Stiliyan Kovachev. Second Army was commanded by lieutenant-general Nikola Ivanov. Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1913) The following is the Bulgarian Order of Battle