Crust (geology) only planet in our Solar System with plate tectonics. The crust is a thin shell on the outside of the Earth, accounting for less than 1% of Earth's volume. It is the top component of lithosphere: a division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move, allowing heat to escape from the interior of the Earth into space. The crust lies on top of the mantle, a configuration that is stable because the upper mantle is made of peridotite and so is significantly denser than
Geology of the Alps mountain ranges: the Apennines to the southwest, the Dinarides to the southeast and the Carpathians to the northeast. In the east the Alps are bounded by the Viennese Basin and the Pannonian Basin, where east–west stretching of the crust takes place. The Alps have a complex geology, but the general structure is the same as for other mountain ranges formed by continental collision. The Alps are often divided into Eastern, Central and Western Alps, even though the boundaries between these subdivisions are rather arbitrary. The division between the Eastern and Central Alps is approximately the line between St. Margrethen, Chur