Continental drift plate tectonics theory. In particular, the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea, and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force. Holmes' views were particularly influential: in his bestselling textbook, "Principles of Physical Geology," he included a chapter on continental drift, proposing that Earth's mantle contained convection cells which dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface. Holmes' proposal resolved the phase disequilibrium objection (the underlying fluid was kept from solidifying by radioactive heating from the core). However, scientific communication in the '30 and
European Association for the Study of the Liver European Association for the Study of the Liver The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) is a European professional association for liver disease. EASL was founded by the German physician Gustav-Adolf Martini in April 1966, in Marburg, Germany, to promote research on the liver and its pathology and to improve therapy for liver disorders. EASL's founding was inspired by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD, created in November 1949) and the International Association for the Study of the Liver (IASL, created in 1958). EASL is a non-profit organization, composed solely of individual members,