Fluorescent lamp began with the Geissler tube continued as even better vacuums were produced. The most famous was the evacuated tube used for scientific research by William Crookes. That tube was evacuated by the highly effective mercury vacuum pump created by Hermann Sprengel. Research conducted by Crookes and others ultimately led to the discovery of the electron in 1897 by J. J. Thomson and X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. But the Crookes tube, as it came to be known, produced little light because the vacuum in it was too good and thus lacked the trace amounts of gas that are needed
Roentgen (unit) of temperature and pressure." Using 1 esu ≈ 3.33564 C and the air density of ~1.293 kg/m³ at 0 °C and 101 kPa, this converts to 2.58 × 10 C/kg, which is the modern value given by NIST. 1 × 3.33564 × 10 × 1,000,000 ÷ 1.293 = 2.58 × 10 This definition was used under different names (e, R, and German unit of radiation) for the next 20 years. In the meantime, the French Roentgen was given a different definition which amounted to 0.444 German R. In 1928, the International Congress of Radiology (ICR) defined the roentgen as "the