Monarchy of Spain an ambitious and far reaching project to implement major reforms in the administration of Spain and the Spanish empire. These changes, collectively known as the Bourbon Reforms attempted to rationalize administration and produce more revenue from its overseas empire. Philip V was the first member of the House of Bourbon (Spanish: "Borbón") to rule Spain, the dynasty that still rules today under Felipe VI. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate in 1808 and the Bourbons became a focus of popular resistance against French rule. However, Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal Spanish Constitution
The Exception and the Rule be seen as arguing in favor of Brecht's Marxist politics. Brecht wishes to protest against established rule, in which the working class is allegedly exploited, and bias us in a set of future rules. "He hanshan" ("The Confronted undershirt"), a Yuan Dynasty-era Chinese play, was the model for "The Exception and the Rule". The scholar Antony Tatlow discovered this relationship through archival materials. The Exception and the Rule The Exception and the Rule (in German Die Ausnahme und die Regel) is a short play by German playwright Bertolt Brecht and is one of several "Lehrstücke" (Teaching plays) he wrote around