American Roentgen Ray Society excuse whatever" for anyone being injured during medical X-rays, which "could be taken in a fraction of a second". American Roentgen Ray Society The American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) is a radiology society in the United States. It was founded in 1900, in the early days of X-ray and radiation study. Headquartered in Leesburg, Virginia, the society publishes a monthly peer-reviewed journal: "American Journal of Roentgenology" (previously "American Journal of Radiology"), providing a forum for advances in radiology and related fields. It provides scholarships, and presents awards. Its educational programs include seminars and a program of continuing education for radiologic
Multiple discovery independent discovery". Robert K. Merton defined such "multiples" as instances in which similar discoveries are made by scientists working independently of each other. Merton contrasted a "multiple" with a "singleton"—a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. As Merton said, "Sometimes the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a scientist will make a new discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else has made years before." Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A.