History of the Canadian Army out of Canada and the responsibility for defending the naval bases at Halifax and Esquimalt was assigned to the militia. The fact the Royal Military College in Kingston only offered instruction in English and English was the sole language of command ensured that French-Canadians were under-represented in the officer corps as English was generally not taught in Quebec's Catholic schools. Sir Samuel Hughes, who became the minister of defence and militia in 1911 after the Conservatives won the general election that year, become the dominating force in Canadian defence policy. Hughes was described by the Canadian historian René Chartrand as
Official Painter of the French Air Force Official Painter of the French Air Force In France, the title of Official Painter of the French Air Force is granted by the French Minister of Defence to artists who have devoted their talent to aeronautics and space. It can be attributed not only to painters but also to photographers, illustrators, engravers and sculptors. The title does not grant any right to compensation but provides certain benefits and special advantages: The official artist has a moral obligation to include in its annual production some aeronautical nature works, serving the cause and the reputation of the military and civil aviation. The