History of serfdom process, referred to as "second serfdom" or "export-led serfdom", persisted until the mid-19th century and became very repressive and substantially limited serfs' rights. Before the 1861 abolition of serfdom in Russia, a landowner's estate was often measured by the number of "souls" he owned, a practice made famous by Gogol's 1842 novel "Dead Souls". Many of these countries abolished serfdom during the Napoleonic invasions of the early 19th century. Serfdom remained in force in most of Russia until the Emancipation reform of 1861, enacted on February 19, 1861, though in the Russian-controlled Baltic provinces it had been abolished at the
Made in Russia project’s expert advisory board. The logo is issued free of charge for a period of one year, with the possibility of extension upon entrance into the ‘Made in Russia’ register. Foreign companies may also qualify for the logo if they have joint ventures in Russia or have localized their business inside the country. Official ‘Made in Russia’ portal There is currently a multi-lingual portal www.madeinrussia.ru and media platform for promoting Russian exporters, and catalogues about Russian export companies have also been created. International presentation of the ‘Made in Russia’ national brand The ‘Made in Russia’ national brand was presented to