Sinking of the RMS Titanic believed that ice posed little risk; close calls were not uncommon, and even head-on collisions had not been disastrous. In 1907, , a German liner, had rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow, but was still able to complete her voyage. That same year, "Titanic"s future captain, Edward Smith, declared in an interview that he could not "imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder. Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that." As "Titanic" approached her fatal collision, most passengers had gone to bed and command of the bridge had passed from Second Officer Charles Lightoller to First
Sinking of the RMS Titanic handle; the total pumping capacity of all the pumps combined was only per hour. Andrews informed the captain that the first five compartments were flooded, and therefore "Titanic" was doomed. By his estimate, she could remain afloat for no longer than about two hours. From the time of the collision to the moment of her sinking, at least of water flooded into "Titanic", causing her displacement to nearly double from to over . The flooding did not proceed at a constant pace, nor was it distributed evenly throughout the ship, due to the configuration of the flooded compartments. Her initial