Conjoined twins of one or both of the twins, particularly if they are joined at the head or share a vital organ. This makes the ethics of surgical separation, where the twins can survive if not separated, contentious. Alice Dreger of Northwestern University found the quality of life of twins who remain conjoined to be higher than is commonly supposed. Lori and George Schappell and Abby and Brittany Hensel are notable examples. The first record of separating conjoined twins took place in the Byzantine Empire in the 900s. One of the conjoined twins had already died, so surgeons attempted to separate the
Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins it features Tarzan's first meeting with Doctor Karl von Harben, with whom he is already acquainted in "Empire". Because "Twins" is a children's book, however, it is customarily omitted from listings of the main Tarzan series. Thus "Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle" is generally considered the eleventh Tarzan book rather than "Twins". Two schoolboys, Dick and Doc, are cousins who resemble each other because their mothers are twins. As Dick is also related to Tarzan through his father, they become known as the Tarzan Twins. Invited to visit Tarzan's African estate, they become lost in the jungle and are imprisoned