Roentgen (unit) capped at 3 MeV in 1950. The USSR all-union committee of standards (GOST) had meanwhile adopted a significantly different definition of the roentgen in 1934. GOST standard 7623 defined it as "the physical dose of X-rays which produces charges each of one electrostatic unit in magnitude per cm of irradiated volume in air at 0 °C and normal atmospheric pressure when ionization is complete." The distinction of physical dose from dose caused confusion, some of which may have led Cantrill and Parker report that the roentgen had become shorthand for 83 ergs per gram (0.0083 Gy) of tissue. They named
The Invention of Art of human expression and embellishment. Reviewer Marc Spiegler called the book "a must-read for anyone active in the arts". The Invention of Art The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2001) is an art history book by Dr. Larry Shiner (1934- ), Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, History, and Visual Arts at the University of Illinois, Springfield Shiner spent over a decade to finish the work of this book. The book sees fine art as a modern invention due to social transformations during the 18th century. David Clowney, writing for "Contemporary Aesthetics" summarizes the central thesis of this book. "In The