Nationality law of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Implementation of the Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China in the Macau Special Administrative Region", its equivalent of Macau, although with an additional exception that permits Macau residents of mixed Portuguese and Chinese descent to choose their nationality. In practice, many overseas Chinese, who are of "Chinese descent", would not have been Chinese nationals but for the "Explanation", so this provision effectively bestowed Chinese nationality on any Hong Kong- or Macau-resident child who is of Chinese descent and was born in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan or mainland China, regardless of the nationalities of his parents, in
Pedro II of Brazil in the Paraguayan War upon the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul. News of the Paraguayan invasions was received with surprise both by the Brazilian government and public. Brazil had previously discounted the war-making potential of neighboring Paraguay. Pedro II, along with most Brazilians, was infuriated at what were seen as unjustified attacks and felt that punitive measures were justified in response. This resolve was strengthened by the Emperor's general antipathy towards all "caudillos"—dictators who were common elsewhere in Latin America. Nevertheless, Pedro II tried to pacify the nation in a speech from the throne on 6 May 1865 during which he addressed