Chemical element is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number. The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly
Lowest bridging point often was at a location that allowed seagoing traffic to approach it from a downstream direction. Examples of lowest bridging points in Britain include London, the lowest bridging point on the Thames; Lancaster, the lowest bridging point on the Lune; York, the lowest bridging point on the Ouse; and Gloucester, the lowest bridging point on the Severn. Glasgow grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Clyde which was about twelve miles upstream from its lowest fording point at Dumbuck. Mathew Paris’s map of 1247 appears to show only one bridge in the whole of Britain: at Stirling, the