Units of paper quantity as ISO 4046. In Europe, the DIN 6730 standard for Paper and Board includes a definition of 1 ream of A4 80gsm (80 g/m) paper equals 500 sheets. The word 'ream' derives from Old French "reyme", from Spanish "resma", from Arabic "rizmah" "bundle" (of paper), from "rasama", "collect into a bundle". (The Moors brought manufacture of cotton paper to Spain.) Early variant rym (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence. (cf. Du. "riem"), probably during the time of Spanish Habsburg control of the Netherlands. The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the
Many-one reduction problem is easy to solve. The many-one reduction is more effective at separating problems into distinct complexity classes. However, the increased restrictions on many-one reductions make them more difficult to find. Many-one reductions were first used by Emil Post in a paper published in 1944. Later Norman Shapiro used the same concept in 1956 under the name "strong reducibility". Suppose "A" and "B" are formal languages over the alphabets Σ and Γ, respectively. A many-one reduction from "A" to "B" is a total computable function "f" : Σ → Γ that has the property that each word "w" is in