Nephrology to train in pediatric nephrology, and internal medicine (adult) trained physicians may enter general (adult) nephrology fellowships. History and physical examination are central to the diagnostic workup in nephrology. The history typically includes the present illness, family history, general medical history, diet, medication use, drug use and occupation. The physical examination typically includes an assessment of volume state, blood pressure, heart, lungs, peripheral arteries, joints, abdomen and flank. Examination of the urine (urinalysis) allows a direct assessment for possible kidney problems, which may be suggested by appearance of blood in the urine (haematuria), protein in the urine (proteinuria), pus cells
Polish Society of Nephrology of Science chaired by Professor Tadeusz Orłowski and Nephrology Section of the Polish Society of Internal Medicine chaired by Professor Kazimierz Trznadel. The main initiator of establishment of PSN was Professor Franciszek Kokot, who was then an active member of international nephrology societies i.e. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association. The last conference of the Nephrology Section of the Polish Society of Internal Medicine was thereby the First Funding Congress of PSN. During the Congress Society’s Statute was established and the first Board was elected. The first President of PSN was Professor Tadeusz Orłowski. The main aim of the Society is