Nephrology certified in nephrology is called a "nephrologist". The term "nephrology" was first used in about 1960. Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as "kidney medicine." Nephrology concerns the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, including electrolyte disturbances and hypertension, and the care of those requiring renal replacement therapy, including dialysis and renal transplant patients. Many diseases affecting the kidney are systemic disorders not limited to the organ itself, and may require special treatment. Examples include acquired conditions such as systemic vasculitides (e.g. ANCA vasculitis) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus), as well as congenital or genetic conditions such as
The six organs in the Palace of Mafra The six organs in the Palace of Mafra Since their recent restoration, the six organs in the Basilica of the Palace of Mafra have become widely known around the world. The six instruments - designed and built all at the same time, and designed to play together as well - were built by the two most important Portuguese organ builders of the time – António Xavier Machado e Cerveira and Joaquim António Peres Fontanes – and were completed between 1806 and 1807. The last two were inaugurated on 4 October 1807, and a substantial number of compositions involving all six