4-8-4+4-8-4 classes of 4-8-4+4-8-4 steam locomotives across the globe, all of which were constructed by Beyer, Peacock and Company, the owners of the Garratt patent. The predecessor 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain was probably the optimal Garratt wheel arrangement, with the four-wheeled leading bogies and the two-wheeled trailing trucks on each engine unit ensuring stability at speed and with sixteen coupled wheels for traction. More coupled wheels would inhibit the locomotive on tight curves, while the only advantage of more non-coupled wheels, such as on the Double Northern, was to reduce the axle loading. The second Double Northern locomotive class were the AD60
Minim (palaeography) Minim (palaeography) In palaeography, a minim is a short, vertical stroke used in handwriting. The word is derived from the Latin "minimum", meaning "least" or "smallest". A minim is the basic stroke for the letters i, m, n, and u in uncial script and later scripts deriving from it. Parts of other letters are based on minims as well: when a minim is extended above the line, it becomes an "ascender", as in the letters d and b, and when it is extended below the line, it becomes a "descender", as in the letters p and q. It is a