The Communist Manifesto the Prussian police. At their trial in Cologne 18 months later in late 1852 they were sentenced to 3–6 years' imprisonment. For Engels, the revolution was "forced into the background by the reaction that began with the defeat of the Paris workers in June 1848, and was finally excommunicated 'by law' in the conviction of the Cologne Communists in November 1852". After the defeat of the 1848 revolutions the "Manifesto" fell into obscurity, where it remained throughout the 1850s and 1860s. Hobsbawm says that by November 1850 the "Manifesto" "had become sufficiently scarce for Marx to think it worth reprinting
Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art The International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art (FIARI) was a short-lived organisation established in 1938 following the publication of the "Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art", which was signed by André Breton and Diego Rivera, based on their political and cultural rejection of the Communist International. It was likely co-authored by Leon Trotsky. In April 1938, André Breton travelled to Mexico on a grant from France's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. There, he became acquainted with Leon Trotsky and co-authored the Manifesto with him. The published Manifesto was signed by Breton and Rivera. The document