The Communist Manifesto for this purpose. Works by Marx, Engels, and Lenin were published on a very large scale, and cheap editions of their works were available in several languages across the world. These publications were either shorter writings or they were compendia such as the various editions of Marx and Engels' "Selected Works", or their "Collected Works". This affected the destiny of the "Manifesto" in several ways. Firstly, in terms of circulation; in 1932 the American and British Communist Parties printed several hundred thousand copies of a cheap edition for "probably the largest mass edition ever issued in English". Secondly the work
Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals of the government of Benito Mussolini, prominent Italian academic and public intellectuals effected the first, formal effort at defining the cultural aspirations of Italian Fascism. As conference Chairman, the Neo-idealist philosopher Gentile publicly proclaimed the alliance between Culture and Fascism, thereby challenging intellectualist critics who questioned the Fascist régime's cultural respectability. The thesis of the "Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals" bases Fascist revolution upon co-operation between Culture and Politics. As a statement of politico-philosophic principles, the "Manifesto" derived from the "Fascism and Culture" ("Fascismo e cultura") lecture Gentile delivered in the "Freedom and Liberalism" ("Libertà e liberalismo") session of the cultural