The Communist Manifesto a new title—"The Voice of Communism: Declaration of the Communist Party". In June–November 1850 the "Manifesto of the Communist Party" was published in English for the first time when George Julian Harney serialised Helen Macfarlane's translation in his Chartist magazine "The Red Republican". (Her version begins, "A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe. We are haunted by a ghost, the ghost of Communism.") For her translation, the Lancashire-based Macfarlane probably consulted Engels, who had abandoned his own English translation half way. Harney's introduction revealed the "Manifesto"s hitherto-anonymous authors' identities for the first time. Soon after the "Manifesto" was published, Paris erupted
Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art amid a deepening political crisis across Europe. In his last letter to Trotsky in June 1939, Breton wrote: "Perhaps I am not very talented as an organizer, but at the same time it seems to me that I have run up against enormous obstacles." Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art The International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art (FIARI) was a short-lived organisation established in 1938 following the publication of the "Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art", which was signed by André Breton and Diego Rivera, based on their political and cultural rejection of the Communist International. It was likely co-authored