Archimedes' screw a crank mechanism in his "Bellifortis" (1405). This mechanism quickly replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading. The Archimedes screw consists of a screw (a helical surface surrounding a central cylindrical shaft) inside a hollow pipe. The screw is usually turned by windmill, manual labor, cattle, or by modern means, such as a motor. As the shaft turns the bottom end scoops up a volume of water. This water is then pushed up the tube by the rotating helicoid until it pours out from the top of the tube. The contact surface between the screw and the
Archimedes (crater) in what he thought to be a mid-sized crater in the south of the rim of what is now Plato, between that crater (then as "Lacus Panciroli") and Mare Imbrium (then as "Mare Astronomicum"). The stretch of lunar surface between Archimedes and Autolycus was the site of the crash-landing of the Soviet probe Luna 2. This was the first craft to reach the surface of the Moon, landing September 13, 1959. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Archimedes. The following craters have