Spire spires were an astounding architectural innovation, beginning with the early fourteenth-century spire at Freiburg Minster, in which the pierced stonework was held together by iron cramps. The openwork spire, according to Robert Bork, represents a "radical but logical extension of the Gothic tendency towards skeletal structure." The organic skeleton of Antoni Gaudi's phenomenal spires at the Sagrada Família in Barcelona represent an outgrowth of this Gothic tendency. Designed and begun by Gaudi in 1884, they were not completed until the 20th century. In England, "spire" immediately brings to mind Salisbury Cathedral. Its 403-foot (123-m) spire, built between 1320 and 1380,
Cathedral Range Cathedral Range The Cathedral Range is a mountain range immediately to the South of Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park. The range is an offshoot of the Sierra Nevada. It includes Cathedral Peak, Unicorn Peak, Eichorn Pinnacle, Echo Peaks, Echo Ridge, Matthes Crest, and Cockscomb. The mountains were formed by glaciers carving out the granite material. The tops of the peaks in the range were above the level of the highest glaciation, and are therefore un-eroded and distinctly spire-like. The range is named after Cathedral Peak, which resembles a cathedral spire. The range runs beside the two Cathedral Lakes, just