Malus sieversii genome of the domestic apples is "Malus baccata", but there is no evidence for this in older apple cultivars. Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and formerly its capital, derives its name from the Kazakh word for "apple" (Alma), and is often translated as "full of apples" (the region surrounding Almaty is home to forests of "Malus sieversii"); "alma" is also "apple" in other Turkic languages, as well as in Hungarian. The Soviet-era name, Alma-Ata, is Kazakh for "Father of Apples". These and other "Malus" species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing
Étienne-Louis Malus index between the surface and the interior of the glass). It was not until 1815 that Sir David Brewster was able to experiment with higher quality glasses and correctly formulate what is known as Brewster's law. This law was later explained theoretically by Augustin Fresnel, as a special case of his Fresnel equations. Malus is probably best remembered for Malus's law, giving the resultant intensity, when a polariser is placed in the path of an incident beam. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel tower. Étienne-Louis Malus Étienne-Louis Malus (; ; 23 July 1775 –