Malus sieversii Malus sieversii Malus sieversii is a wild apple native to the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan. It has recently been shown to be the primary ancestor of most cultivars of the domesticated apple ("Malus pumila"). It was first described (as Pyrus sieversii) in 1833 by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour, a German naturalist who saw them growing in the Altai Mountains. It is a deciduous tree growing to , very similar in appearance to the domestic apple. Its fruit is the largest of any species of "Malus" except "pumila", up to 7 cm diameter, equal in size to many
Bonus-malus also Bonus/Malus value (%), stating how many years the driver used the car without any accident or another event relevant to the insurance. It means, that the bonus/malus is assigned to the insured person and also to family members (e.g. wife), which is allowed to drive the car. The bonus can be transferred between insurance companies. In France, cars are taxed (malus) or credited (bonus) if their carbon emissions are above or below certain targets. The limits (can) change every year. The environmental tax is also applied as a malus, to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, affecting all