Batman predecessors in pulp fiction, comic strips, newspaper headlines, and autobiographical details referring to Kane himself. As an aristocratic hero with a double identity, Batman had predecessors in the Scarlet Pimpernel (created by Baroness Emmuska Orczy, 1903) and Zorro (created by Johnston McCulley, 1919). Like them, Batman performed his heroic deeds in secret, averted suspicion by playing aloof in public, and marked his work with a signature symbol. Kane noted the influence of the films "The Mark of Zorro" (1920) and "The Bat Whispers" (1930) in the creation of the character's iconography. Finger, drawing inspiration from pulp heroes like Doc Savage,
Cardinals created by Benedict XV Austrian Cardinal Andreas Frühwirth, who was made a cardinal at the preceding consistory, received his red hat from Pius a few days earlier. In deference to wartime conditions, Benedict created Adolph Bertram a cardinal "in pectore", that is, without his name being announced. Bertram's Polish homeland was fighting alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary against Italy and its allies. Benedict created six cardinals on 15 December 1919, three Italians, two Poles, and one Spaniard. All attended but Juan Soldevilla y Romero, Archbishop of Zaragoza, who received his red hat from King Alfonso XIII of Spain on 25 December. Bertram, created a cardinal