Ale to the selling of beer labeled "strong beer" that had actually been diluted with small beer. In medieval times, ale may have been safer to drink than most water (the germ theory of disease was unheard of, and the sterilizing properties of boiling unknown); however, there is no period evidence that people were aware of this nor that they chose to drink ale for this reason. The alcohol, hops, and some ingredients in gruit used to preserve some ales may have contributed to their lower load of pathogens, when compared to water. However, ale was largely safer due to the
Adam S. Radomsky Health New Investigator Award. He has published several book chapters and research articles on cognition, emotion and behaviour in OCD and other anxiety disorders and is frequently invited to present his research findings at national and international conferences. His current research focuses on thoughts, beliefs and memory in OCD as well as on new investigations of compulsive checking and contamination-based OCD. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Adam S. Radomsky Adam S. Radomsky is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. Dr. Radomsky trained with Professor