Penicillin nontoxic in humans by first performing toxicity tests in animals and then on humans. His subsequent experiments on penicillin's response to heat and pH allowed Fleming to increase the stability of the compound. The one test that modern scientists would find missing from his work was the test of penicillin on an infected animal, the results of which would likely have sparked great interest in penicillin and sped its development by almost a decade. The importance of his work has been recognized by the placement of an International Historic Chemical Landmark at the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum in London on
Valentine S. McClatchy Valentine S. McClatchy Valentine Stuart McClatchy (August 29, 1857 – May 15, 1938) was an American newspaper owner and journalist. As publisher of "The Sacramento Bee" (now The McClatchy Company) from their father's death in 1883, McClatchy co-owned the paper with his brother Charles K. McClatchy until 1923. After leaving the newspaper business, he became a leading figure in the anti-Japanese movement in California, forming key exclusionary groups to lobby for alien land laws and race-based limits on immigration and naturalization. McClatchy was the son of the prominent nineteenth-century publisher James McClatchy, who founded the "Sacramento Bee" (known as the