Das Kapital in the British Library, London. At the time of his death (1883), Marx had prepared the manuscript for "Das Kapital, Volume IV", a critical history of theories of surplus value of his time, the nineteenth century. The philosopher Karl Kautsky (1854–1938) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique and later published a full, three-volume edition as "Theorien über den Mehrwert" ("Theories of Surplus Value", 1905–1910). The first volume was published in English as "A History of Economic Theories" (1952). "Capital, Volume I" (1867) was published in Marx’s lifetime, but he died in 1883 before completing the manuscripts for "Capital,
Capitalism to the 1660s; reference to "the unemployed" as a group was first made in 1782, and reference to "unemployment" as a general condition is first attested in 1888. The first recorded discussion of the reserve army of labor is in a manuscript written by Karl Marx: Marx introduced the concept in chapter 25 of the first volume of "Das Kapital", which states: His argument is that as capitalism develops, the organic composition of capital will increase, which means that the mass of constant capital grows faster than the mass of variable capital. Fewer workers can produce all that is necessary