Malus sylvestris to most European countries. It occurs in a scattered distribution pattern as single individuals or in small groups. In the past "M. sylvestris" was thought to be the most important ancestor of the cultivated apple ("M. pumila"), which has since been shown to have been originally derived from the central Asian species "M. sieversii". However another recent DNA analysis confirms that "M. sylvestris" has contributed significantly to the genome. The study found that secondary introgression from other species of the genus "Malus" has greatly shaped the genome of "M. pumila", with "M. sylvestris" being the largest secondary contributor. It also
Bonus-malus insurers around the world have introduced some form of merit-rating in automobile third party liability insurance. Such systems penalize at-fault accidents by premium surcharges and reward claim-free years by discounts, commonly known as a "no-claims discount". The most usual BMS divides drivers by classes, where each class has its own discount or surcharge that is applied to the basic premium. A claim-free year implies in a decline of one or more degrees on the Bonus/Malus class table on the anniversary of the contract. A claim entails an increase of a given number of degrees on the Bonus/Malus scale on the