Malus by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on "Malus". The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from diameter in most of the wild species, to in "M. sylvestris sieversii", in "M. domestica", and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one or two seeds. For the "Malus pumila" cultivars, the culinary, and eating apples, see Apple. Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in Spring and colourful fruit in Autumn. The fruits often persist throughout
Bonus-malus in early years) but with long-term losses (which, under a traditional bonus system, would not be penalized). Such a system was proposed by Raghuram Rajan in January 2008. Author Jim Collins proposed that executives be expected to buy stock with their own money (as was done at IBM in the 1990s) taking on both up-side rewards and down-side risk. In November 2008, UBS AG announced a change to its executive compensation scheme implementing such a system, which it dubbed a "bonus-malus" system. In France, the prices of insurance are calculated as function of the car type, subscribed insurance options, and