Malus or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches are placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers. See also Fruit tree pollination. Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in bonsai culture. Crabapple fruit is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour due to malic acid (which like the genus derives from the Latin name "mālum"), and in some species woody, and for this reason is rarely eaten raw. In some southeast
Bonus-malus in early years) but with long-term losses (which, under a traditional bonus system, would not be penalized). Such a system was proposed by Raghuram Rajan in January 2008. Author Jim Collins proposed that executives be expected to buy stock with their own money (as was done at IBM in the 1990s) taking on both up-side rewards and down-side risk. In November 2008, UBS AG announced a change to its executive compensation scheme implementing such a system, which it dubbed a "bonus-malus" system. In France, the prices of insurance are calculated as function of the car type, subscribed insurance options, and