Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru) Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru) The Treaty of Defensive Alliance was a secret defense pact between the South American countries of Bolivia and Peru signed in the Peruvian capital of Lima on February 6, 1873. The document was composed of eleven central articles, outlining its necessity and stipulations, and one additional article that ordered to keep the treaty secret until it was deemed necessary by both contracting parties. The signatory states were represented by the Peruvian Minister of Foreign Affairs, José de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren, and the Bolivian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Peru, Juan de la
China–Peru relations China–Peru relations China–Peru relations refer to the ties and relations between China and Peru. China–Peru relations went through three stages: Chinese coolieism as an institutionalization of human capital export to Latin America during the nineteenth century; the Maoist ideology transfer in the 1970s and 1980s; and, from the 1990s onwards, through international trade and cultural and Mandarin language centers--the Confucius Institute. China–Peru relations was established more than 160 years ago intertwined with local social imageries, power structure and narratives.It started with Coolie Trade and matured during the ‘Hundred Years weakness and poverty’ (Wang,1993) from the 1840s to 1949 of the