Tin pest related problems such as tin whiskers. At 13.2 °C (about 56 °F) and below, pure tin transforms from the silvery, ductile metallic allotrope of β-form "white tin" to the brittle, nonmetallic, α-form "grey tin" with a diamond cubic structure. The transformation is slow to initiate due to a high activation energy but the presence of germanium (or crystal structures of similar form and size) or very low temperatures of roughly −30 °C aids the initiation. There is also a large volume increase of about 27% associated with the phase change to the nonmetallic low temperature allotrope. This frequently makes tin
Tin-Tin Kyrano that stereotypes are common but "handled with some sensitivity – all except for Tin-Tin, a literal China doll". Kate Hunt of the University of Glasgow, author of a study of the series' presentation of tobacco smoking, observes that in marked contrast with prolific smokers such as Penelope, Tin-Tin is "incongruously" and "inconsistently" seen with a cigarette in only one episode ("The End of the Road"). She writes that the character occupies a socially-ambiguous position within her home environment, appearing variously as "adopted daughter, secretary, and occasional member of the International Rescue team". In the 2004 live-action film, "Thunderbirds", in which