Malus fusca Malus fusca Malus fusca, with the common names Oregon crabapple and Pacific crabapple, is a North American species of crabapple. It is native to western North America from Alaska, through British Columbia, to northwestern California. It grows in temperate coniferous forest, primarily in the Cascade Range and the Pacific Coast Ranges. "Malus fusca" is a deciduous tree up to tall. Leaves are up to 10 cm (4 inches) long. Flowers are white or pale pink, blooming in Spring. The fruits are small round apple-shaped pomes, red, yellow, or yellow-green. The fruit can be eaten raw or cooked, however it has
Bonus-malus in early years) but with long-term losses (which, under a traditional bonus system, would not be penalized). Such a system was proposed by Raghuram Rajan in January 2008. Author Jim Collins proposed that executives be expected to buy stock with their own money (as was done at IBM in the 1990s) taking on both up-side rewards and down-side risk. In November 2008, UBS AG announced a change to its executive compensation scheme implementing such a system, which it dubbed a "bonus-malus" system. In France, the prices of insurance are calculated as function of the car type, subscribed insurance options, and