Economics wealth (capital) and a constant population size. Marxist (later, Marxian) economics descends from classical economics. It derives from the work of Karl Marx. The first volume of Marx's major work, "Das Kapital", was published in German in 1867. In it, Marx focused on the labour theory of value and the theory of surplus value which, he believed, explained the exploitation of labour by capital. The labour theory of value held that the value of an exchanged commodity was determined by the labour that went into its production and the theory of surplus value demonstrated how the workers only got paid
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan led to the right path." The book depicted in the emblem (and the flag) was generally considered to be "Das Kapital", a work by Karl Marx, and not the "Quran", the central Islamic text. The last emblem was introduced in 1987 by the Najibullah government. This emblem was, in contrast to the previous ones, influenced by Islam. The Red Star and "Das Kapital" were removed from the emblem (and the flag). The emblem depicted the mihrab, the minbar and the shahada, an Islamic creed. Taraki's Government initiated a land reform on 1 January 1979, which attempted to limit the amount