Benzylpenicillin of penicillin allergy. Use during pregnancy is generally safe. It is in the penicillin and β-lactam class of medications. Benzylpenicillin was discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming and came into commercial use in 1942. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.24–2.72 per day. In the United States a course of treatment costs $100–200. As an antibiotic, benzylpenicillin is noted to possess effectiveness mainly against Gram-positive organisms. Some Gram-negative organisms such as "Neisseria gonorrhoeae" and "Leptospira
Joan S. Valentine in Inorganic Chemistry from Princeton University in 1971. In 1972, she moved to Rutgers University where she served as Assistant, Associate and Professor of Chemistry. In 1980, she moved to UCLA and became a Professor in 1981. From 1991 to 1994, she also served as Departmental Vice Chair for Research and Administration. From 1989 to 1995, she was the Associate Editor for the journal "Inorganic Chemistry". Valentine served as Director of the UCLA Chemistry-Biology Interface Predoctoral Training Program from 1993 to 2001. Joan S. Valentine Joan Selverstone Valentine (born 1945) is a biological inorganic chemist and biochemist. Valentine's current work