Malus niedzwetzkyana Tajikistan borders, it is known as 'kisil alma': 'red apple'. "Malus niedzwetzkyana" has been used to breed some modern red-leaved, red-flowered, and red-fruited apples and crabapples. It is believed to be the ancestor of Surprise, a pink-fleshed apple that was brought to the United States by German immigrants around 1840 and was later used by the horticulturist Albert Etter to breed some 30 pink- and red-fleshed varieties, the best-known of which is Pink Pearl. Another horticulturist, Niels Ebbesen Hansen, encountered "M. niedzwetzkyana" in the Ili valley, where he also met Niedzwetzky, in what was then the Russian region of Turkestan
Étienne-Louis Malus Étienne-Louis Malus Étienne-Louis Malus (; ; 23 July 1775 – 24 February 1812) was a French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician. Malus was born in Paris, France. He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt (1798 to 1801) and was a member of the mathematics section of the Institut d'Égypte. Malus became a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1810. In 1810 the Royal Society of London awarded him the Rumford Medal. His mathematical work was almost entirely concerned with the study of light. He studied geometric systems called "ray systems", closely connected to Julius Plücker's "line geometry". He conducted