Ale to the selling of beer labeled "strong beer" that had actually been diluted with small beer. In medieval times, ale may have been safer to drink than most water (the germ theory of disease was unheard of, and the sterilizing properties of boiling unknown); however, there is no period evidence that people were aware of this nor that they chose to drink ale for this reason. The alcohol, hops, and some ingredients in gruit used to preserve some ales may have contributed to their lower load of pathogens, when compared to water. However, ale was largely safer due to the
Adam S. Radomsky Adam S. Radomsky Adam S. Radomsky is a Professor in the Department of Psychology at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. Dr. Radomsky trained with Professor Stanley Rachman, a recognized leader in the research and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Dr. Radomsky currently directs an Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders research laboratory as well as a clinical practice, both focusing on the research and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as related anxiety disorders. Dr. Radomsky has received numerous awards including the ADAA Trainee Travel Award, the AABT Anxiety Disorders Special Interest Group Early Career Award and the Canadian Institutes of