The Highway Code person to observe a provision of "The Highway Code" shall not of itself render that person liable to criminal proceedings of any kind but any such failure may in any proceedings (whether civil or criminal, and including proceedings for an offence under the Traffic Acts, the [1981 c. 14.] Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981 or sections 18 to 23 of the [1985 c. 67.] Transport Act 1985) be relied upon by any party to the proceedings as tending to establish or negative any liability which is in question in those proceedings. The Highway Code is available in the following forms:
Convolutional code least since the Voyager program has a constraint length "k" of 7 and a rate "r" of 1/2. Puncturing is a technique used to make a "m"/"n" rate code from a "basic" low-rate (e.g., 1/"n") code. It is reached by deletion of some bits in the encoder output. Bits are deleted according to a "puncturing matrix". The following puncturing matrices are the most frequently used: For example, if we want to make a code with rate 2/3 using the appropriate matrix from the above table, we should take a basic encoder output and transmit every first bit from the first