Cochliobolus lunatus that the underlying disease is controlled, and immune modulators such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon can be indicated when surgery or antifungals are not feasible alternatives. Allergic fungal manifestations include asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis and bronchopulmonary mycoses caused by a variety of etiological fungal agents including "C. lunatus". These agents provoke humoral immune responses, characterized by type I (immediate) and type III (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity reactions. Prevalence of these diseases among the atopic population is 20-30 % and 6% in the general population. Allergic rhinitis, more commonly known as hay fever, is less frequently encountered in clinic compared
Rhinitis medicamentosa Rhinitis medicamentosa Rhinitis medicamentosa (or RM) is a condition of rebound nasal congestion brought on by extended use of topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) and certain oral medications (e.g., sympathomimetic amines and various 2-imidazolines) that constrict blood vessels in the lining of the nose. The characteristic presentation of RM involves nasal congestion without rhinorrhea, postnasal drip, or sneezing following several days of decongestant use. This condition typically occurs after 5–7 days of use of topical decongestants. Patients often try increasing both the dose and the frequency of nasal sprays upon the onset of RM, worsening