Malus sylvestris found that current populations of "M. pumila" are more closely related to "M. sylvestris" than to "M. sieversii". However, in more pure strains of "M. pumila" the "M. sieversii" ancestry still predominates. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects. Its leaves are food of the caterpillars of the twin-spotted sphinx ("Smerinthus jamaicensis") and possibly the hawthorn moth ("Scythropia crataegella"). Malus sylvestris Malus sylvestris, the European crab apple, is a species of the genus "Malus", native to Europe. Its scientific name means "forest apple" and the truly wild tree has thorns. Wild apple has an expanded crown and often
Bonus-malus company. This strategy is called bonus hunger of the insurance customer. In this strategy, the insurance customer prefers the most profitable financial alternative, after a loss occurrence. A well-designed bonus-malus system must take bonus hunger into consideration. In executive compensation, particularly at banks, bonus-malus refers to schemes where annual bonuses are held in escrow (do not immediately vest), and can be reduced retroactively (clawed back) in case of losses in future years. The intention is to align incentives better and encouraging a long-term view in directors, by discouraging the taking of risks which may yield short-term profits (and hence bonuses