Malus niedzwetzkyana Tajikistan borders, it is known as 'kisil alma': 'red apple'. "Malus niedzwetzkyana" has been used to breed some modern red-leaved, red-flowered, and red-fruited apples and crabapples. It is believed to be the ancestor of Surprise, a pink-fleshed apple that was brought to the United States by German immigrants around 1840 and was later used by the horticulturist Albert Etter to breed some 30 pink- and red-fleshed varieties, the best-known of which is Pink Pearl. Another horticulturist, Niels Ebbesen Hansen, encountered "M. niedzwetzkyana" in the Ili valley, where he also met Niedzwetzky, in what was then the Russian region of Turkestan
Bonus-malus also Bonus/Malus value (%), stating how many years the driver used the car without any accident or another event relevant to the insurance. It means, that the bonus/malus is assigned to the insured person and also to family members (e.g. wife), which is allowed to drive the car. The bonus can be transferred between insurance companies. In France, cars are taxed (malus) or credited (bonus) if their carbon emissions are above or below certain targets. The limits (can) change every year. The environmental tax is also applied as a malus, to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, affecting all