Cochliobolus lunatus that the underlying disease is controlled, and immune modulators such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon can be indicated when surgery or antifungals are not feasible alternatives. Allergic fungal manifestations include asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis and bronchopulmonary mycoses caused by a variety of etiological fungal agents including "C. lunatus". These agents provoke humoral immune responses, characterized by type I (immediate) and type III (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity reactions. Prevalence of these diseases among the atopic population is 20-30 % and 6% in the general population. Allergic rhinitis, more commonly known as hay fever, is less frequently encountered in clinic compared
Rhinitis asthma developing later in life. Environmental irritants acts as modulators of airway inflammation in these contiguous airways. Development of occupational asthma is often preceded by occupational rhinitis. Among the causative agents are flours, enzymes used in processing food, latex, isocyanates, welding fumes, epoxy resins, and formaldehyde. Accordingly, prognosis of occupational asthma is contingent on early diagnosis and the adoption of protective measures for rhinitis. In the case of infectious rhinitis, vaccination against influenza viruses, adenoviruses, measles, rubella, "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "Haemophilus influenzae", diphtheria, "Bacillus anthracis", and "Bordetella pertussis" may help prevent it. The management of rhinitis depends on the underlying cause.