Das Kapital class struggle rooted in the capitalist social relations of production. The first of three volumes of "Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie" ("Capital. Critique of Political Economy") was published on 14 September 1867, dedicated to Wilhelm Wolff and was the sole volume published in Marx’s lifetime. "Capital, Volume II", subtitled "The Process of Circulation of Capital", was prepared by Engels from notes left by Marx and published in 1885. It is divided into three parts: "The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits", "The Turnover of Capital" and "The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital". In "Volume II", the
Das Kapital Democritus (circa 460–370 BC) and Epicurus (341–270 BC). The logical architecture of "Das Kapital" is derived in part from the "Politics" and the "Nicomachean Ethics" by Aristotle, including the fundamental distinction between use value and exchange value, the "syllogisms" (C-M-C' and M-C-M') for simple commodity circulation and the circulation of value as capital. Moreover, the description of machinery, under capitalist relations of production, as "self-acting automata" derives from Aristotle’s speculations about inanimate instruments capable of obeying commands as the condition for the abolition of slavery. In the nineteenth century, Marx’s research of the available politico-economic literature required twelve years, usually