Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis product 3-phosphoglycerate is depleted in C due to the kinetic isotope effect of the above reaction. The overall C fractionation for C3 photosynthesis ranges between -20 to -37‰. The wide range of variation in delta values expressed in C3 plants is modulated by the stomatal conductance, or the rate of CO entering, or water vapor exiting, the small pores in the epidermis of a leaf. The δC of C3 plants depends on the relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, which is a good proxy of water use efficiency in the leaf. C3 plants with high water-use efficiency tend to
Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid is an American no wave and dance-punk group, originally active from 1980 to 1983. They are best known for their track "Cavern," which was covered by the Sugar Hill Records house band as the backing track for Melle Mel's old school rap classic "White Lines (Don't Do It)." The group released a series of extended plays, including the acclaimed 1983 12" EP "Optimo". In 2008, the band reformed, playing in various venues around the globe. Liquid Liquid emerged from downtown New York's no wave scene. The group's original records were pressed in very limited quantities on