Radio propagation that rely on reflection (actually refraction) of radio waves from the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere from about that contains layers of charged particles (ions) which can refract a radio wave back toward the Earth. A radio wave directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth beyond the horizon by these layers, allowing long distance radio transmission. The F2 layer is the most important ionospheric layer for long-distance, multiple-hop HF propagation, though F1, E, and D-layers also play significant roles. The D-layer, when present during sunlight periods, causes significant amount of
Night Waves Night Waves Night Waves was a radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 3. The BBC described it as "Radio 3's flagship arts and ideas programme". "The Guardian" said in May 2010 "...the king of radio arts programmes is undoubtedly "Night Waves", a programme so clever that it regularly makes me stand still and listen, usually halfway to the dishwasher with a plate in my hand...It's the desire to untangle arguments, to lift up their corners and see what lurks there. There's a gleeful range of references too...and a relish for intelligent debate." It was broadcast every Monday to Thursday evening,