Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis product 3-phosphoglycerate is depleted in C due to the kinetic isotope effect of the above reaction. The overall C fractionation for C3 photosynthesis ranges between -20 to -37‰. The wide range of variation in delta values expressed in C3 plants is modulated by the stomatal conductance, or the rate of CO entering, or water vapor exiting, the small pores in the epidermis of a leaf. The δC of C3 plants depends on the relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, which is a good proxy of water use efficiency in the leaf. C3 plants with high water-use efficiency tend to
Primary producers photosynthesis. This is also a main way that primary producers take energy and produce/release it somewhere else. Plants, coral, bacteria, and algae do this. Bacteria is a more recent find in the process of photosynthesis with primary producers, as they were just discovered in the soil. During photosynthesis, primary producers take energy from the sun and produce it into energy, sugar, and oxygen. Primary producers also need energy to convert this same energy elsewhere, so they get it from nutrients. One type of nutrient is nitrogen. Without primary producers, organisms that are capable of producing energy on their own, the