Chemical ionization source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source with energy around 200-500 eV will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. Then, the ion/molecule reactions produces more stable reagent ions and the resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma. The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas. If ammonia is the reagent gas, For isobutane as the reagent gas, Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized
Negative and positive rights to act upon Adrian in some way regarding "x". A case in point, if Adrian has a "negative right to life" against Clay, then Clay is required to refrain from killing Adrian; while if Adrian has a "positive right to life" against Clay, then Clay is required to act as necessary to preserve the life of Adrian. Rights considered "negative rights" may include civil and political rights such as freedom of speech, life, private property, freedom from violent crime, freedom of religion, "habeas corpus", a fair trial, and freedom from slavery. Rights considered "positive rights", as initially proposed in 1979