Chemical ionization source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source with energy around 200-500 eV will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. Then, the ion/molecule reactions produces more stable reagent ions and the resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma. The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas. If ammonia is the reagent gas, For isobutane as the reagent gas, Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized
Negative and positive atheism atheism as a way of life in his 1972 book, "Positive Atheism". Similarly, the Atheist Community of Austin (ACA) uses the term "positive atheism" in the sense of putting a positive face to atheism and dispelling the false and negative image of atheism portrayed by religious people, especially in places of worship. "Positive Atheism Magazine" "sees atheism as being a positive, healthy outlook -- much healthier than any theistic approach to life." Agnostics are not always merely implicit atheists. For instance, Philip Pullman, the English author of the "His Dark Materials" fantasy trilogy, which has atheism as a major theme,