Center of mass reference point R are and If R is chosen as the center of mass these equations simplify to where "m" is the total mass of all the particles, p is the linear momentum, and L is the angular momentum The Law of Conservation of Momentum predicts that for any system not subjected to external forces the momentum of the system will remain constant, which means the center of mass will move with constant velocity. This applies for all systems with classical internal forces, including magnetic fields, electric fields, chemical reactions, and so on. More formally, this is true for any
Mode of a linear field usually the energy of the solution "assuming that there is no other field in S". From the norm are defined the orthogonality and the scalar product of solutions. The orthogonality of solutions extends to the corresponding modes. Mode of a linear field In physics, a vector field is linear if it is a solution of a set of linear equations "E". For instance, in physics, the electromagnetic field in vacuum, defined in the usual (3 + 1)-dimensional space "S", obeys Maxwell's equations. A linear combination of electromagnetic fields, with constant, real coefficients, is a new field which obeys Maxwell's equations.