Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis values more similar to C3 plants. In contrast to terrestrial plants, where CO diffusion in air is relatively fast and typically not limiting, diffusion of dissolved CO in water is considerably slower and can often limit carbon fixation in phytoplankton. As gaseous CO is dissolved into aqueous CO, it is fractionated by both kinetic and equilibrium effects that are temperature-dependent. Relative to plants, the dissolved CO source for phytoplankton can be enriched in C by about 8‰ from atmospheric CO. Isotope fractionation of C by phytoplankton photosynthesis is affected by the diffusion of extracellular aqueous CO into the cell, the
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