Tendon induce endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and VEGF mRNA has been shown to be expressed at the site of tendon injuries along with collagen I mRNA. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a subgroup of TGF-β superfamily that can induce bone and cartilage formation as well as tissue differentiation, and BMP-12 specifically has been shown to influence formation and differentiation of tendon tissue and to promote fibrogenesis. In animal models, extensive studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of mechanical strain in the form of activity level on tendon injury and healing. While stretching can disrupt healing during the initial
Tendon transfer used to restore a single function. Transfer of one tendon to restore multiple functions will compromise strength and movement. These are examples of commonly performed tendon transfers. Many of the lower extremity tendon transfers were performed during the nineteenth century to improve ambulation in polio patients due to post-poliomyelitis paralysis. In the beginning o twentieth century, tendon transfers were used to correct congenital talipes equina. Tendon transfers were extensively performed during World Wars I and II to patients with upper extremity injuries. Tendon transfer A tendon transfer is a surgical process in which the insertion of a tendon is moved,