Work of breathing Work of breathing Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing. In a normal resting state the work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption.
Scientific echosounder vegetation and algae - with the appropriate software. Hardware Software Scientific echosounder A scientific echosounder is a device which uses sonar technology for the measurement of underwater physical and biological components—this device is also known as "scientific sonar". Applications include bathymetry, substrate classification, studies of aquatic vegetation, fish, and plankton, and differentation of water masses. Scientific echosounder equipment is built to exacting standards and tested to be stable and reliable in the transmission and receiving of sound energy under the water. Recent advances have led to the development of the digital scientific echosounder, further enhancing the reliability and precision with