Work (thermodynamics) of the energy went out as heat, and how much as work. This can be summarized by saying that heat and work are not state functions of the system. This is in contrast to classical mechanics, where net work exerted by a particle is a state function. Pressure–volume work (or "PV" work) occurs when the volume of a system changes. "PV" work is often measured in units of litre-atmospheres where = . However, the litre-atmosphere is not a recognised unit in the SI system of units, which measures P in Pascal (Pa), V in m, and PV in Joule (J),
Scientific Revolution introduced the term "scientific revolution", centering his analysis on Galileo. The term was popularized by Butterfield in his "Origins of Modern Science". Thomas Kuhn's 1962 work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" emphasized that different theoretical frameworks—such as Einstein's relativity theory and Newton's theory of gravity, which it replaced—cannot be directly compared. The transformation of scientific subject also concerns the social sciences. These inherit from a natural philosophy a dispute that authors like Francesco Bacone and Descartes take charge of following. This particular aspect is questioned. Thus arise disciplines that reflect the natural world with social laws. They are sociology, social