Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis the C3 pathway in the daytime and the C4 pathway in the nighttime. At night, when temperature and water loss are lower, the CO diffuses through the stomata and produce malate via phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase. During the following day, stomata are closed, malate is decarboxylated, and CO is fixed by RuBisCO. This process alone is similar to that of C4 plants and yields characteristic C4 fractionation values of approximately -11‰. However, in the afternoon, CAM plants may open their stomata and perform C3 photosynthesis. In daytime alone, CAM plants have approximately -28‰ fractionation, characteristic of C3 plants. These combined effects provide
What You Need from Me of the album. "What You Need from Me" was later released as the second track on the CD single of "This Is Gonna Hurt" on 16 August 2013. "What You Need From Me" received mixed reviews from music critics. Norbert Schiegel of "G+J Entertainment Media" described the song as "sensational," and Dirk Neuhaus of "Country Rock Magazine" called it a "fantastic track," while Adam Carroll from "Seen It Heard It" thought that the song was one of the weakest tracks from "Rocks and Honey", describing Tyler's voice as "rough and beaten" and that her and Vince Gill's voices do not