Cone of light Cone of light The cone of light, or light reflex, is a visible phenomenon which occurs upon examination of the tympanic membrane with an otoscope. Shining light on the tympanic membrane causes a cone-shaped reflection of light to appear in the anterior inferior quadrant. This corresponds to the 4 o'clock to 5 o'clock position in the right eardrum and the 7 o'clock to 8 o'clock position in the left eardrum. The apex of the cone is at the most depressed part of the tympanic membrane, known as the umbo. The absence of a cone of light does not necessarily signify
Membrane operating conditions, cost and performance, it should prevented, and if necessary, removed. Optimizing the operation conditions is important to prevent fouling. However, if fouling has already taken place, it should be removed by using physical or chemical cleaning. Physical cleaning techniques for membrane include membrane relaxation and membrane backwashing. Chemical cleaning. Relaxation and backwashing effectiveness will decrease with operation time as more irreversible fouling accumulates on the membrane surface. Therefore, besides the physical cleaning, chemical cleaning may also be recommended. They include: Optimizing the operation condition. Several mechanisms can be carried out to optimize the operation conditions of the membrane