Vibration frequency response function can be calculated, thereby characterizing the system. This technique is used in the field of experimental modal analysis to determine the vibration characteristics of a structure. The simple mass–spring–damper model is the foundation of vibration analysis, but what about more complex systems? The mass–spring–damper model described above is called a single degree of freedom (SDOF) model since the mass is assumed to only move up and down. In more complex systems, the system must be discretized into more masses that move in more than one direction, adding degrees of freedom. The major concepts of multiple degrees of
Shannon capacity of a graph no two of these code words can be confused with each other. By using this method, in "n" steps of communication, the sender can communicate up to 5 messages, significantly more than the 2 that could be transmitted with the simpler one-digit code. The effective number of values that can be transmitted per unit time step is (5) = . In graph-theoretic terms, this means that the Shannon capacity of the 5-cycle is at least . As showed, this bound is tight: it is not possible to find a more complicated system of code words that allows even more different