Atomic theory formula for the water molecule (HO), or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula (HO). The flaw in Dalton's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro. Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases, at equal temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules (in other words, the mass of a gas's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies). Avogadro's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted. For instance: since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter
Potential temperature 1st law simplifies to: For approximately ideal gases, such as the dry air in the Earth's atmosphere, the equation of state, formula_18 can be substituted into the 1st law yielding, after some rearrangement: where the formula_20 was used and both terms were divided by the product formula_21 Integrating yields: and solving for formula_23, the temperature a parcel would acquire if moved adiabatically to the pressure level formula_24, you get: The potential virtual temperature formula_26, defined by is the theoretical potential temperature of the dry air which would have the same density as the humid air at a standard pressure P.