Wave–particle duality operation of chemical reactions. Electricity, first thought to be a fluid, was now understood to consist of particles called electrons. This was first demonstrated by J. J. Thomson in 1897 when, using a cathode ray tube, he found that an electrical charge would travel across a vacuum. Since the vacuum offered no medium for an electric fluid to travel, this discovery could only be explained via a particle carrying a negative charge and moving through the vacuum. This electron flew in the face of classical electrodynamics, which had successfully treated electricity as a fluid for many years (leading to the
Aodh (given name) Aodh (given name) Aodh (; ) is an Irish and Scottish Gaelic male given name, originally meaning "fire". Feminine forms of the name include Aodhnait and Aodhamair. It appears in even more variants as a surname. As a surname, the root or a variant may be prefixed by "O", "Ó", or "Ui" (meaning "from" or "descendant of"), "Mac" or "Mc" (meaning "son of"), or "Nic" (meaning "daughter of"). The name was originally related to an Irish god of the underworld. The masculine given name Hugh is a common anglicization, although the names are not etymologically linked (see Hughes (surname), Hughes