Antibiotic improve treatment outcome as the combined effect of both antibiotics is better than their individual effect. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections may be treated with a combination therapy of fusidic acid and rifampicin. Antibiotics used in combination may also be antagonistic and the combined effects of the two antibiotics may be less than if the individual antibiotic was given as part of a monotherapy. For example, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are antagonists to penicillins and aminoglycosides. However, this can vary depending on the species of bacteria. In general, combinations of a bacteriostatic antibiotic and bactericidal antibiotic are antagonistic. Antibiotics are commonly classified
Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea the "parC" gene which encodes for the topoisomerase IV. Topoisomerase IV acts similarly to DNA gyrase and is involved in unwinding DNA for replication. Ceftriaxone and cefixime are third generation cephalosporins and are often used as treatments for "N. gonorrhoeae infections". The cephalosporins are part of a larger beta-lactam family of antibiotics. The newly discovered H041 strain of "N. gonorrhoeae", originally isolated from a commercial sex worker in Japan, was shown to be resistant to this antibiotic. The possible mechanisms of resistance to this antibiotic are as follows: Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding