Ideal gas except for the specification of these constants. The results of the quantum Boltzmann gas are used in a number of cases including the Sackur–Tetrode equation for the entropy of an ideal gas and the Saha ionization equation for a weakly ionized plasma. The classical thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas can be described by two equations of state: The ideal gas law is the equation of state for an ideal gas, given by: where The ideal gas law is an extension of experimentally discovered gas laws. It can also be derived from microscopic considerations. Real fluids at low density and
Negative and positive rights after a disaster. This consideration has led ethicists to agree in a general way that positive obligations are usually junior to negative obligations because they are not reliably "prima facie". Some critics of positive rights implicitly suggest that because positive obligations are not reliably "prima facie" they must always be agreed to through contract. Nineteenth-century philosopher Frédéric Bastiat summarized the conflict between these negative and positive rights by saying: According to Jan Narveson, the view of some that there is no distinction between negative and positive rights on the ground that negative rights require police and courts for their enforcement