DNA RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription. Under the genetic code, these RNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation. Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and
Host-Cell Reactivation damage is used as mutagen, the cell uses nucleotide excision repair NER pathway, that is activated by distortion in the DNA helix. The Host-Cell Reactivation Assay or HCR is a technique used to measure the DNA repair capacity of cell of a particular DNA alteration. In the HCR assay the ability of an intact cell to repair exogenous DNA is measured The host cell is transfected with a damaged plasmid containing a reporter gene, usually luciferase, which has been deactivated due to the damage. The ability of the cell to repair the damage in the plasmid, after it has been