Very low frequency because VLF waves are reflected from the bottom of the ionosphere, while higher frequency shortwave signals are returned to Earth from higher layers in the ionosphere, the F1 and F2 layers, by a refraction process, and spend most of their journey in the ionosphere, so they are much more affected by ionization gradients and turbulence. Therefore, VLF transmissions are very stable and reliable, and are used for long distance communication. Propagation distances of 5000 to 20000 km have been realized. However, atmospheric noise (sferics) is high in the band, including such phenomena as "whistlers", caused by lightning. VLF waves can
Waves Radio Waves Radio Waves Radio is a local radio station based in Peterhead, North East Scotland. The station is on air 24 hours a day with live shows from 6am till 10pm (apart from "a wave of hits" from 6pm-7pm on weekdays which is automated). Waves Radio was born in 1990 after its founder and owner known as Kenny King applied to the then Radio Authority for an RSL licence. The station in the early years was known as Waves AM broadcasting by means of Restricted Service Licences from a studio at the Lido beach area in Peterhead, during the towns