Chemical ionization source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source with energy around 200-500 eV will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. Then, the ion/molecule reactions produces more stable reagent ions and the resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma. The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas. If ammonia is the reagent gas, For isobutane as the reagent gas, Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized
Negative number and gave rules regarding operations involving negative numbers and zero, such as ""A debt cut off from nothingness becomes a credit; a credit cut off from nothingness becomes a debt. "" He called positive numbers "fortunes," zero "a cipher," and negative numbers "debts." In the 9th century, Islamic mathematicians were familiar with negative numbers from the works of Indian mathematicians, but the recognition and use of negative numbers during this period remained timid. Al-Khwarizmi in his "Al-jabr wa'l-muqabala" (from which we get the word "algebra") did not use negative numbers or negative coefficients. But within fifty years, Abu Kamil illustrated