Volcano were proposed for volcano behavior before the modern understanding of the Earth's mantle structure as a semisolid material was developed. For decades after awareness that compression and radioactive materials may be heat sources, their contributions were specifically discounted. Volcanic action was often attributed to chemical reactions and a thin layer of molten rock near the surface. Volcano A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major,
Under the Volcano (film) England. There are two documentaries about the making of the Huston film: Gary Conklin's 56-minute "Notes from Under the Volcano" and the 82-minute "Observations Under the Volcano", directed by Christian Blackwood. Under the Volcano (film) Under the Volcano is a 1984 film directed by John Huston, written by Guy Gallo, and starring Albert Finney, Jacqueline Bisset, Anthony Andrews, and Katy Jurado. The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Albert Finney) and Best Original Score (Alex North). It is based on the semi-autobiographical 1947 novel by English writer Malcolm Lowry. The film tells the story