Ideal gas except for the specification of these constants. The results of the quantum Boltzmann gas are used in a number of cases including the Sackur–Tetrode equation for the entropy of an ideal gas and the Saha ionization equation for a weakly ionized plasma. The classical thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas can be described by two equations of state: The ideal gas law is the equation of state for an ideal gas, given by: where The ideal gas law is an extension of experimentally discovered gas laws. It can also be derived from microscopic considerations. Real fluids at low density and
Negative number and gave rules regarding operations involving negative numbers and zero, such as ""A debt cut off from nothingness becomes a credit; a credit cut off from nothingness becomes a debt. "" He called positive numbers "fortunes," zero "a cipher," and negative numbers "debts." In the 9th century, Islamic mathematicians were familiar with negative numbers from the works of Indian mathematicians, but the recognition and use of negative numbers during this period remained timid. Al-Khwarizmi in his "Al-jabr wa'l-muqabala" (from which we get the word "algebra") did not use negative numbers or negative coefficients. But within fifty years, Abu Kamil illustrated