Bladder outlet obstruction at the level of the urethra. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 5000 to 8000 live births and only occurs in males. Since PUV always affects both sides of the urinary tract, patients with posterior urethral valves are at the greatest risk for developing chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease due to obstructive uropathy. A ureterocele is a cystic dilation of the end of the ureter that can occur in the bladder and/or in the urethra. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 5000 live births, is most commonly seen in females and involves both ides of the
Underactive bladder et al. (2014). "Pathophysiology and animal modeling of underactive bladder." Int Urol Nephrol 46 Suppl 1: 11-21. van Koeveringe, G. A., K. L. Rademakers, et al. (2014). "Detrusor underactivity: Pathophysiological considerations, models and proposals for future research. ICI-RS 2013." Neurourol Urodyn 33(5): 591-596. Underactive bladder Underactive bladder syndrome (UAB) describes symptoms of difficulty with bladder emptying, such as hesitancy to start the stream, a poor or intermittent stream, or sensations of incomplete bladder emptying. The physical finding of detrusor pressurization of insufficient strength or duration to ensure timely and efficient bladder emptying is properly termed "detrusor underactivity" (DU) (Abrams et