Basal metabolic rate be elevated in stress, illness, and diabetes. Menopause may also affect metabolism. Heart rate is determined by the medulla oblongata and part of the pons, two organs located inferior to the hypothalamus on the brain stem. Heart rate is important for basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate because it drives the blood supply, stimulating the Krebs cycle. During exercise that achieves the anaerobic threshold, it is possible to deliver substrates that are desired for optimal energy utilization. The anaerobic threshold is defined as the energy utilization level of heart rate exertion that occurs without oxygen during a standardized test
Heart rate error, S = 7–11 bpm. Consequently, the estimation calculated by HR = 220 − age has neither the accuracy nor the scientific merit for use in exercise physiology and related fields. A 2002 study of 43 different formulas for HR (including that of Haskell and Fox – see above) published in the Journal of Exercise Psychology concluded that: Research conducted at Northwestern University by Martha Gulati, et al., in 2010 suggested a maximum heart rate formula for women: A 2008 study from Lund, Sweden gives reference values (obtained during bicycle ergometry) for men: and for women: Maximum heart rates vary