The Energy Construct cost-effectively. The author concludes that wind energy has the greatest potential for near-term expansion. However, smaller-scale use of solar, geothermal, biomass, and ocean sources along with current hydroelectric sources could add up to make a significant contribution. The advantages and disadvantages of each renewable energy option are examined. Nuclear energy is also supported by the author as the only way to produce large amounts of emission-free power. The author pays close attention to the safety of nuclear energy and provides a unique comparison of the safety of energy generation from a number of sources. Fossil energy is then examined with
Hot-carrier injection Hot-carrier injection Hot carrier injection (HCI) is a phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices where an electron or a “hole” gains sufficient kinetic energy to overcome a potential barrier necessary to break an interface state. The term "hot" refers to the effective temperature used to model carrier density, not to the overall temperature of the device. Since the charge carriers can become trapped in the gate dielectric of a MOS transistor, the switching characteristics of the transistor can be permanently changed. Hot-carrier injection is one of the mechanisms that adversely affects the reliability of semiconductors of solid-state devices. The term “hot