Β-lactam antibiotic reactions to any β-lactam antibiotic may occur in up to 10% of patients receiving that agent (a small fraction of which are truly IgE-mediated allergic reactions, see amoxicillin rash). Anaphylaxis will occur in approximately 0.01% of patients. There is perhaps a 5%-10% cross-sensitivity between penicillin-derivatives, cephalosporins, and carbapenems; but this figure has been challenged by various investigators. Nevertheless, the risk of cross-reactivity is sufficient to warrant the contraindication of all β-lactam antibiotics in patients with a history of severe allergic reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis, interstitial nephritis) to any β-lactam antibiotic. A Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction may occur after initial treatment of a spirochetal
Antibiotic use in livestock in its inaugural 2013 report on antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, the CDC identified resistant non-typhoidal "Salmonella" and "Campylobacter" as "serious threats" and called for improved surveillance and intervention in food production moving forward. There are other bacteria as well, where research is evolving and revealing that bacterial resistance acquired through use in livestock may be contributing to disease in humans. Examples of these include Enterococcus (including "E. coli" 0157) and "Staphylococcus aureus". For foodborne illness from "E. coli", which is still not typically treated with antibiotics because of associated risk of renal failure, increasing rates of antibiotic-resistant