Chemical ionization source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source with energy around 200-500 eV will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. Then, the ion/molecule reactions produces more stable reagent ions and the resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma. The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas. If ammonia is the reagent gas, For isobutane as the reagent gas, Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized
Negative and positive rights Negative and positive rights Negative and positive rights are rights that oblige either action ("positive rights") or inaction ("negative rights"). These obligations may be of either a legal or moral character. The notion of positive and negative rights may also be applied to liberty rights. To take an example involving two parties in a court of law: Adrian has a "negative right to x" against Clay if and only if Clay is "prohibited" from acting upon Adrian in some way regarding "x". In contrast, Adrian has a "positive right to x" against Clay if and only if Clay is obliged