Superconductivity and carbon nanotubes, are Type I, while almost all impure and compound superconductors are Type II. Conversely, a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field, precisely aligned with the spin axis. The effect, the London moment, was put to good use in Gravity Probe B. This experiment measured the magnetic fields of four superconducting gyroscopes to determine their spin axes. This was critical to the experiment since it is one of the few ways to accurately determine the spin axis of an otherwise featureless sphere. Superconductivity was discovered on April 8, 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistance
Enthalpy older term "heat content", a term which is now mostly deprecated as misleading, as refers to the amount of heat absorbed in a process at constant pressure only, but not in the general case (when pressure is variable). Josiah Willard Gibbs used the term "a heat function for constant pressure" for clarity. Introduction of the concept of "heat content" is associated with Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron and Rudolf Clausius (Clausius–Clapeyron relation, 1850). The term "enthalpy" first appeared in print in 1909. It is attributed to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who most likely introduced it orally the year before, at the first