Soybean rust Soybean rust Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, "Phakopsora pachyrhizi", commonly known as Asian soybean rust and "Phakopsora meibomiae", commonly known as New World soybean rust. "P. meibomiae" is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems. The disease has been reported across Asia, Australia, Africa, South America and the United States. Soybean is one of the most important commercial crops around the world and in the United States. Asian soybean rust is the major disease that affects soybeans. It causes lesions
Four causes after the ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. They are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. The four questions are on function, what an adaptation does that is selected for in evolution; phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an organism, revealing its relationships to other species; mechanism, namely the proximate cause of a behaviour, such as the role of testosterone in aggression; and ontogeny, the development of an organism from egg to embryo to adult. Four causes The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian