Atomic theory formula for the water molecule (HO), or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula (HO). The flaw in Dalton's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro. Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases, at equal temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules (in other words, the mass of a gas's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies). Avogadro's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted. For instance: since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter
Temperature other systems, vibrational and rotational motions also contribute degrees of freedom. Maxwell and Boltzmann developed a kinetic theory that yields a fundamental understanding of temperature in gases. This theory also explains the ideal gas law and the observed heat capacity of monatomic (or 'noble') gases. The ideal gas law is based on observed empirical relationships between pressure ("p"), volume ("V"), and temperature ("T"), and was recognized long before the kinetic theory of gases was developed (see Boyle's and Charles's laws). The ideal gas law states: where "n" is the number of moles of gas and is the gas constant. This