Chemical ionization source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source with energy around 200-500 eV will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. Then, the ion/molecule reactions produces more stable reagent ions and the resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma. The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas. If ammonia is the reagent gas, For isobutane as the reagent gas, Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized
Negative and positive atheism no God. He categorizes himself as a "de facto atheist" but "not" a "strong atheist" on this scale. Within negative atheism, philosopher Anthony Kenny further distinguishes between agnostics, who find the claim "God exists" uncertain, and theological noncognitivists, who consider all talk of gods to be meaningless. Jacques Maritain used the negative/positive phrases as early as 1949, but with a different meaning and in the context of a strictly Catholic apologist. Goparaju Ramachandra Rao (1902–1975), better known by his nickname Gora, was an Indian social reformer, anti-caste activist, and atheist. He proposed a philosophy he called "positive atheism", which treated