Tympanic membrane retraction commercially available devices (e.g. Otovent and Ear Popper). A ventilation tube, also known as a tympanostomy tube or a grommet, may be placed through the eardrum to equalize middle ear pressure. Although this intervention may be effective, research has not yet shown whether it provides better results than simple observation. Further weakness or perforation of the eardrum may occur. These are intended to improve Eustachian tube function. Adenoidectomy can improve middle ear function and nasal steroid sprays can reduce adenoid size but it is not known whether these treatments alter tympanic membrane retraction. Enlargement of the Eustachian tube opening in
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase to involve the lymph nodes, and are more common among young women, which could help explain their worse prognosis compared with postmenopausal women. PMCAs were first discovered in the 1960s in the membranes of red blood cells. The presence of an ATPase was discovered in the membranes in 1961, and then in 1966 it was discovered that these ATPases pump Ca out of the cytosol. PMCA was first purified from red blood cell membranes in 1979. Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase The plasma membrane Ca ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells and functions to remove