Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female) medical professional. Inducers of CYP3A4 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes can reduce the effects of MTF HRT. A variety of different sex-hormonal medications are used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. These include estrogens to induce feminization and suppress testosterone levels; antiandrogens such as androgen receptor antagonists, antigonadotropins, GnRH modulators, and 5α-reductase inhibitors to further oppose the effects of androgens like testosterone; and progestogens for various possible though uncertain benefits. Estrogens are the major sex hormones in women, and are responsible for the development and maintenance of feminine secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, wide hips, and a feminine
XX male syndrome gene on the Y chromosome is moved to become part of an X chromosome. The presence of the translocated SRY gene leads to an XX embryo developing male characteristics. In rare cases, an XX male does not have the SRY gene. The exact cause of this condition is unknown but it has been proposed that mutations in the SOX9 gene may contribute to this syndrome since SOX9 plays a role in testes differentiation during development. Another proposed cause is mutations to the DAX1 gene which encodes a nuclear hormone receptor. DAX1 represses masculinizing genes, therefore, if there is a loss