Chemical ionization source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source with energy around 200-500 eV will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. Then, the ion/molecule reactions produces more stable reagent ions and the resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma. The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas. If ammonia is the reagent gas, For isobutane as the reagent gas, Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized
Negative and positive atheism Smith as synonyms of the less-well-known categories of implicit and explicit atheism, also relating to whether an individual holds a specific view that gods do not exist. ""Positive"" atheists explicitly assert that it is false that any deities exist. ""Negative"" atheists assert they do not believe any deities exist, but do not explicitly assert it is "true" that no deity exists. Those who do not believe any deities exist, but do not assert such non-belief, are included among "implicit atheists". Among "implicit" atheists are thus included the following: children and adults who have never heard of deities; people who have