Vascular resistance is a fluid layer in which at a distance δ, viscosity η is a function of δ written as η(δ), and these surrounding layers do not meet at the vessel centre in real blood flow. Instead, there is the plugged flow which is hyperviscous because holding high concentration of RBCs. Thurston assembled this layer to the flow resistance to describe blood flow by means of a viscosity η(δ) and thickness δ from the wall layer. The blood resistance law appears as R adapted to blood flow profile : where Blood resistance varies depending on blood viscosity and its plugged flow
Flow measurement flow over the bluff body, and formula_17 is the Strouhal number, which is essentially a constant for a given body shape within its operating limits. Sonar flow meters are non-intrusive clamp on devices that measure flow in pipes conveying slurries, corrosive fluids, multiphase fluids and flows where insertion type flow meters are not desired. Sonar flow meters have been widely adopted in mining, metals processing, and upstream oil and gas industries where traditional technologies have certain limitations due to their tolerance to various flow regimes and turn down ratios. Sonar flow meters have the capacity of measuring the velocity of