Werner Heisenberg allotropic forms of hydrogen". Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a "White Jew". Supporters of "Deutsche Physik", or Aryan Physics, launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Heisenberg. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement "Deutsche Physik" had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took
Heisenberg group a group, as is shown by the multiplication: and The Heisenberg group is a simply-connected Lie group whose Lie algebra consists of matrices where By letting e, ..., e be the canonical basis of R, and setting the associated Lie algebra can be characterized by the canonical commutation relations, where "p", ..., "p", "q", ..., "q", "z" are the algebra generators. In particular, "z" is a "central" element of the Heisenberg Lie algebra. Note that the Lie algebra of the Heisenberg group is nilpotent. The exponential map is given by the following expression The exponential map of a nilpotent Lie