Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female) males is associated with higher serum estrogen. Both estrogen and testosterone help to stimulate bone formation, especially during puberty. Estrogen is the predominant sex hormone that slows bone loss, even in men. In spite of the induction of breast development, transgender women who undergo HRT do not have an increased risk of breast cancer. Only a handful of cases of breast cancer have ever been described in transgender women who have undergone male-to-female HRT. This is in accordance with research in cisgender men in which gynecomastia has been found not to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer,
Sexual frustration For males it could be that they have testicles and no penis; a male might be born without a penis (aphallia) or be born with one and have it removed (penis removal or penectomy). Men can still ejaculate via prostate stimulation in that case. For females they might not have a clitoris which causes sexual pleasure; a female might have had her clitoris forcibly severed (female genital mutilation) or voluntarily removed (female circumcusion) as part of a medical procedure. Involuntary celibacy is a form of sexual frustration. Sexual frustration Sexual frustration in humans is frustration caused by a discrepancy between