Avogadro's law "P" are taken at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), then "k"'=1/"n", where "n" is Loschmidt constant. Avogadro's hypothesis (as it was known originally) was formulated in the same spirit of earlier empirical gas laws like Boyle's law (1662), Charles's law (1787) and Gay-Lussac's law (1808). The hypothesis was first published by Amadeo Avogadro in 1811, and reconciled Dalton atomic theory with the "incompatible" idea of Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac that some gases were composite of different fundamental substances (molecules) in integer proportions. In 1814, independently from Avogadro, André-Marie Ampère published the same law with similar conclusions. As Ampère was
History of same-sex marriage in the United States 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 5–4 decision in "United States v. Windsor", ruling Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional "as a deprivation of the equal liberty ... protected by the Fifth Amendment." The decision was widely quoted by both sides in same-sex marriage lawsuits. On August 4, 2010, a decision by a U.S. District Court in "Perry v. Schwarzenegger" ruled that California's Proposition 8 was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court dismissed the case for lack of standing on June 26, 2013, after which the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples resumed on June 28, 2013. New Jersey began issuing