Legionnaires' disease Although the risk of Legionnaires' disease being spread by large-scale water systems cannot be eliminated, it can be greatly reduced by writing and enforcing a highly detailed, systematic water safety plan appropriate for the specific facility involved (office building, hospital, hotel, spa, cruise ship, etc.) Some of the elements that such a plan may include are: An effective water safety plan also covers such matters as training, record-keeping, communication among staff, contingency plans, and management responsibilities. The format and content of the plan may be prescribed by public health laws or regulations. Effective antibiotics include most macrolides, tetracyclines, ketolides, and
Lyme disease spread. In Europe ticks of the "Ixodes ricinus" type may spread the bacteria more quickly. In North America, "Borrelia burgdorferi" and "Borrelia mayonii" are the cause. In Europe and Asia, the bacteria "Borrelia afzelii" and "Borrelia garinii" are also causes of the disease. The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people, by other animals, or through food. Diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms, history of tick exposure, and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood. Blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease. Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful.