Causes of transsexuality Docter and others, but opposed by Charles Allen Moser, Larry Nuttbrock, Julia Serano, and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.<section end="factors" /> A 2008 study compared 112 male-to-female transsexuals (both androphilic and gynephilic), mostly already undergoing hormone treatment, with 258 cisgender male controls. Male-to-female transsexuals were more likely than cisgender males to have a longer version of a receptor gene (longer repetitions of the gene) for the sex hormone androgen or testosterone, which reduced its effectiveness at binding testosterone. The androgen receptor (NR3C4) is activated by the binding of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, where it plays a critical role in
Trophic hormone causes hyperplasia of enterochromaffin cells which may transform into carcinoid tumors. Trophic hormone Trophic hormone is a hormone that has a growth effect, hyperplasia or hypertrophy, on the tissue it is stimulating. The term "trophic" is from Ancient Greek τροφικός ("trophikós") meaning "pertaining to food or nourishment", here used to mean "growth"; this is the same origin as "atrophy." This should not be confused with "tropic," as in the similar-sounding tropic hormone – the words and concepts are both unrelated. A key example of this is thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulating the thyroid; excess thyroid-stimulating hormone can create a goitre. Trophic hormones