Soil plant atmosphere continuum Soil plant atmosphere continuum The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere. Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour. As water vapour transpires out of the leaf, further water molecules evaporate off the surface of mesophyll cells to replace the lost molecules since water in the air inside
Morphological symptoms of plant diseases decreased production of the number of cells. Hypoplasia results in plants or plant parts of sub-normal size. Atrophy is the reduction in the size of plant cells produced. This also results in stunted plants or plant parts. Dwarfing is the failure of a plant or a plant part to attain its full size. Rosetting is a condition where the internode of a plant do not elongate, and hence, the leaves appear close together in a cluster. Hyperplasia is the enlargement of a plant tissue due to excessive increase in the number of plant cells produced. Hyperplasia results in overdevelopment in