Wheat leaf rust Wheat leaf rust Wheat leaf rust is a fungal disease that affects wheat, barley and rye stems, leaves and grains. In temperate zones it is destructive on winter wheat because the pathogen overwinters. Infections can lead up to 20% yield loss, which is exacerbated by dying leaves, which fertilize the fungus. The pathogen is "Puccinia" rust fungus. "Puccinia triticina" causes "black rust", "P. recondita" causes "brown rust", and "P. striiformis" causes "yellow rust". It is the most prevalent of all the wheat rust diseases, occurring in most wheat growing regions. It causes serious epidemics in North America, Mexico and South
Anaerobic organism using hydrogenosomes. Some organisms metabolise primarily using glycogen, for example the Nereid (worm)s and some polychaetes, or the juvenile form of the pork parasite "Trichinella spiralis" which causes trichinosis. Anaerobic organism An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. (In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment.) An anaerobic organism may be unicellular (e.g. protozoans, bacteria) or multicellular. For practical purposes, there are three categories of anaerobe: obligate anaerobes, which are harmed by the presence