Soil plant atmosphere continuum Soil plant atmosphere continuum The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere. Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour. As water vapour transpires out of the leaf, further water molecules evaporate off the surface of mesophyll cells to replace the lost molecules since water in the air inside
External granular layer (cerebral cortex) regions, where it represents a strip of densely packed, small polymorphic cells deep to the molecular layer, distinguished from the actual pyramidal layer by the density and small size of these cells. ... External granular layer (cerebral cortex) The external granular layer of the cerebral cortex is commonly known as layer II. It is different from the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex (commonly known as layer IV). Layer II is often lumped together with layer III and their union is referred to as layer II/III or layer 2/3. Layers I, II, and III are together referred to as