Fern plants. Like all other vascular plants, the diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase or generation in the life cycle. The gametophytes of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They are free-living and resemble liverworts, whereas those of seed plants develop within the spore wall and are dependent on the parent sporophyte for their nutrition. A fern gametophyte typically consists of: Ferns first appear in the fossil record in the early Carboniferous period. By the Triassic, the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The great fern radiation occurred in the late Cretaceous, when
Duple Dominant The Dominant IV had conventional-shaped side windows, but shallower than those on the Dominant II. The Duple Goldliner was a high-floor version of the Dominant III or IV. The Duple Dominant E was a city bus specification version of the Dominant I or II. It is not to be confused with the visually dissimilar Dominant Bus which was available from 1974 to 1987. Duple Dominant The Duple Dominant was a design of an intercity coach bodywork built by Duple between 1972 and 1982. It has an all-steel structure. Duple Dominant bodywork was built on different chassis types including: The original