Wave–particle duality operation of chemical reactions. Electricity, first thought to be a fluid, was now understood to consist of particles called electrons. This was first demonstrated by J. J. Thomson in 1897 when, using a cathode ray tube, he found that an electrical charge would travel across a vacuum. Since the vacuum offered no medium for an electric fluid to travel, this discovery could only be explained via a particle carrying a negative charge and moving through the vacuum. This electron flew in the face of classical electrodynamics, which had successfully treated electricity as a fluid for many years (leading to the
Emmy (given name) Emmy (given name) Emmy is a feminine (sometimes also masculine) given name. Orthographic variants include Emme, Emmi and Emmie. The name is in many instances a hypocoristic of either Emma (itself being in origin a hypocoristic of a number of ancient Germanic names beginning in "ermen") or (more rarely) Emily, or Emmanuel (Emmanuelle). It came to be used as a separate (rare) German name, given officially in Germany from the later 19th century. As an officially given feminine name, Emmy ranked 66th in Sweden and 89th in France as of 2010. Emmy is rarely also encountered as a surname. Notable