Diaphragm (optics) 1889 "Dictionary of Photography" (see figure), but disappeared after Ernst Abbe's theory of stops unified these concepts. According to Rudolf Kingslake, the inventor of the iris diaphragm is unknown. Others credit Joseph Nicéphore Niépce for this device, around 1820. Mr. J. H. Brown, a member of the Royal Microscopical Society, appears to have invented a popular improved iris diaphragm by 1867. Kingslake has more definite histories for some other diaphragm types, such as M. Noton's adjustable "cat eye" diaphragm of two sliding squares in 1856, and the Waterhouse stops of John Waterhouse in 1858. Diaphragm (optics) In optics, a diaphragm
Snow Flower and the Secret Fan (film) the Bund. Rupert Murdoch personally arranged for the film to be released by Fox Searchlight Pictures, which opened the film in North America on July 15, 2011.<ref name="http://www.movingpicturesnetwork.com/27627/summer-preview-2011-snow-flower-secret-fan/"></ref> The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 21% approval rating, based on 87 reviews. On Metacritic, it has a score of 42 out of a possible 100, based on 31 reviews. Snow Flower and the Secret Fan (film) Snow Flower and the Secret Fan is a 2011 historical drama film based on the novel of the same name written by Lisa See. Directed by Wayne