Synthetic fuel is the Bergius process. In this process, coal is liquefied by heating in the presence of hydrogen gas (hydrogenation). Dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. Catalysts are typically added to the mixture. The reaction occurs at between to and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction can be summarized as follows: formula_1 After World War I several plants were built in Germany; these plants were extensively used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants. The Kohleoel Process, developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant
Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex late 2010. Cost of the Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex (PNPFC) was originally estimated at Rs. 51.298 billion. The complex will fabricate fuel for local nuclear power plants, in particular for the reactors at Chashma Nuclear Power Plant. The Nuclear Power Fuel Facility comprises Chemical Processing Plants, Nuclear reprocessing plant, an Enrichment Plant, a Seamless Tube Plant; a Fuel Fabrication Plant; and a Nuclear Fuel Testing Facility. For information on Pakistani nuclear power reactors, see the articles Chashma Nuclear Power Plant and Karachi Nuclear Power Plant. Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex The Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex (PNPFC), also known