Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea mechanism for beta-lactam resistance. There have been over 200 beta-lactamases described and some of them are antibiotic specific. TEM-1 is a penicillinase specific for penicillins. This enzyme will bind to the beta-lactam ring which is a structural characteristic for beta-lactams and hydrolyze the ring. This renders the antibiotic inactive. The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. The plasmids containing TEM-1 could be passed from bacterium to bacterium via conjugation Quinolones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication, recombination, and repair by interacting with the bacterial DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase
Antibiotic use in livestock in its inaugural 2013 report on antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, the CDC identified resistant non-typhoidal "Salmonella" and "Campylobacter" as "serious threats" and called for improved surveillance and intervention in food production moving forward. There are other bacteria as well, where research is evolving and revealing that bacterial resistance acquired through use in livestock may be contributing to disease in humans. Examples of these include Enterococcus (including "E. coli" 0157) and "Staphylococcus aureus". For foodborne illness from "E. coli", which is still not typically treated with antibiotics because of associated risk of renal failure, increasing rates of antibiotic-resistant