Antibiotic last line of defence" antibiotic. Per "The ICU Book" "The first rule of antibiotics is try not to use them, and the second rule is try not to use too many of them." Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self-prescribing of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has
Antibiotic use in livestock in its inaugural 2013 report on antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, the CDC identified resistant non-typhoidal "Salmonella" and "Campylobacter" as "serious threats" and called for improved surveillance and intervention in food production moving forward. There are other bacteria as well, where research is evolving and revealing that bacterial resistance acquired through use in livestock may be contributing to disease in humans. Examples of these include Enterococcus (including "E. coli" 0157) and "Staphylococcus aureus". For foodborne illness from "E. coli", which is still not typically treated with antibiotics because of associated risk of renal failure, increasing rates of antibiotic-resistant