Unified field theory coined by Albert Einstein, who attempted to unify his general theory of relativity with electromagnetism. The "Theory of Everything" and Grand Unified Theory are closely related to unified field theory, but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and often by attempting to explain physical constants of nature. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories. The goal of a unified field theory has led to a great deal of progress for future theoretical physics and progress continues. Governed by a global event formula_1 under the universal topology,
Introduction to gauge theory the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by "local" gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity. The earliest field theory having a gauge