Nyquist frequency signal, whereas "Nyquist frequency" is a property of a discrete-time system. When the function domain is time, sample rates are usually expressed in samples per second, and the unit of Nyquist frequency is cycles per second (hertz). When the function domain is distance, as in an image sampling system, the sample rate might be dots per inch and the corresponding Nyquist frequency would be in cycles/inch. Referring again to Figure 1, undersampling of the sinusoid at 0.6 f is what allows there to be a lower-frequency "alias", which is a different function that produces the same set of samples. That
Welfare cost of business cycles output gap. Under this viewpoint, the welfare cost of business cycles is larger, because an economy with cycles not only suffers more variable consumption, but also lower consumption on average. If we consider two consumption paths, each with the same trend and the same initial level of consumption – and as a result same level of consumption per period on average – but with different levels of volatility, then, according to economic theory, the less volatile consumption path will be preferred to the more volatile one. This is due to risk aversion on part of individual agents. One way to