Werner Heisenberg the lattice theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, , led to the discovery of the
Heisenberg model (quantum) respectively. Other approaches do so without Bethe ansatz. The physics of the Heisenberg model strongly depends on the sign of the coupling constant formula_3 and the dimension of the space. For positive formula_3 the ground state is always ferromagnetic. At negative formula_3 the ground state is antiferromagnetic in two and three dimensions, it is from this ground state that the Hubbard model is given. In one dimension the nature of correlations in the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model depends on the spin of the magnetic dipoles. If the spin is integer then only short-range order is present. A system of half-integer spins