Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea mechanism for beta-lactam resistance. There have been over 200 beta-lactamases described and some of them are antibiotic specific. TEM-1 is a penicillinase specific for penicillins. This enzyme will bind to the beta-lactam ring which is a structural characteristic for beta-lactams and hydrolyze the ring. This renders the antibiotic inactive. The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. The plasmids containing TEM-1 could be passed from bacterium to bacterium via conjugation Quinolones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication, recombination, and repair by interacting with the bacterial DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase
Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea the "parC" gene which encodes for the topoisomerase IV. Topoisomerase IV acts similarly to DNA gyrase and is involved in unwinding DNA for replication. Ceftriaxone and cefixime are third generation cephalosporins and are often used as treatments for "N. gonorrhoeae infections". The cephalosporins are part of a larger beta-lactam family of antibiotics. The newly discovered H041 strain of "N. gonorrhoeae", originally isolated from a commercial sex worker in Japan, was shown to be resistant to this antibiotic. The possible mechanisms of resistance to this antibiotic are as follows: Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding