Bladder outlet obstruction but still have normal renal architecture. This leads to a decrease in the number of nephrons, or functional units of the kidney. Malformation of kidney or bladder architecture. A dysplastic kidney is typically small for age and may contain cysts. A multicystic dysplastic kidney is an extreme example of renal dysplasia. Dilation of the renal pelvis, ureters, or both. Also called hydronephrosis. Kidneys and ureters located in incorrect position, including horseshoe kidney and ectopic ureters. Bladder outlet obstruction is classified based on where along the urinary tract the obstruction occurs, including upper urinary tract obstruction and lower urinary tract obstruction.
Bladder cancer is by way of cystoscopy, which is a procedure in which a flexible tube bearing a camera and various instruments is introduced into the bladder through the urethra. The procedure allows for a visual inspection of the bladder, for minor remedial work to be undertaken and for samples of suspicious lesions to be taken for a biopsy. Urine cytology can be obtained in voided urine or at the time of the cystoscopy ("bladder washing"). Cytology is not very sensitive (a negative result cannot reliably exclude bladder cancer). There are newer non-invasive urine bound markers available as aids in the diagnosis