Mitochondrial DNA together with the assessment of their pathogenicity. Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae, also in plastids such as chloroplasts. In humans, the 16,569 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA encode for only 37 genes. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of
Calcium signaling in cell division cell lines, that the G2/M checkpoint is regulated by CaMKII and MAPK crosstalk. Here, CaMKII activates MEK/ERK, which degrades the cell cycle arresting p27 protein In general, transformed cells proliferate in a calcium-independent manner, whereas non-transformed cells show high sensitivity to extra-cellular calcium concentration, suggesting oncogenic growth may include disruption of calcium signaling. Condensation of chromatin is a vital step in cell division, allowing cells to equally distribute chromosomes to the daughter cells. Recent work has suggested that Ca is required for enabling chromatin condensation in prometaphase. Calcium was found to concentrate on condensed DNA to much higher levels compared