Effect of spaceflight on the human body of muscle fibre prominent in muscles also change. Slow twitch endurance fibres used to maintain posture are replaced by fast twitch rapidly contracting fibres that are insufficient for any heavy labour. Advances in research on exercise, hormone supplements and medication may help maintain muscle and body mass. Bone metabolism also changes. Normally, bone is laid down in the direction of mechanical stress. However, in a microgravity environment there is very little mechanical stress. This results in a loss of bone tissue approximately 1.5% per month especially from the lower vertebrae, hip and femur. Due to microgravity and the decreased load
The Bone & Joint Journal publication of the British Orthopaedic Association, Canadian Orthopaedic Association, New Zealand Orthopaedic Association, Australian Orthopaedic Association, and Sociedade Brasileira de Orthopedia e Traumatologia. The journal is indexed in MEDLINE. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", it has a 2017 impact factor of 3.581. The Bone & Joint Journal The Bone & Joint Journal, formerly known as "The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (British Volume)", is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery. It is the flagship journal within the society's 'Bone & Joint Publishing' imprint, which also includes "Bone &