Chlorophyll Chlorosis can also be caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungal infections, or sap-sucking insects. Anthocyanins are other plant pigments. The absorbance pattern responsible for the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically active tissues such as young "Quercus coccifera" leaves. It may protect the leaves from attacks by plant eaters that may be attracted by green color. The chlorophyll maps show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month. Places where chlorophyll amounts were very low, indicating very low numbers of phytoplankton, are blue. Places where chlorophyll concentrations were
Cyatheales Osmundaceae that can achieve short trunks under tall. A few species in the genera "Blechnum, Leptopteris, Sadleria" and "Todea" could also be considered tree ferns in a liberal interpretation of the term. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-pinnated, but at least one type has entire (undivided) fronds. The fronds of tree ferns also exhibit circinate vernation, meaning the young fronds emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow. Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form