Nuclear DNA the bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA differ in many ways, starting with location and structure. Nuclear DNA is located within the nucleus of eukaryote cells and usually has two copies per cell while mitochondrial DNA is located in the mitochondria and contains 100-1,000 copies per cell. The structure of nuclear DNA chromosomes is linear with open ends and includes 46 chromosomes containing 3 billion nucleotides. Mitochondrial DNA chromosomes usually have closed, circular structures, and contain for example 16,569 nucleotides in human. Nuclear DNA is diploid, ordinarily inheriting the DNA from two parents, while
Calcium signaling in cell division cell lines, that the G2/M checkpoint is regulated by CaMKII and MAPK crosstalk. Here, CaMKII activates MEK/ERK, which degrades the cell cycle arresting p27 protein In general, transformed cells proliferate in a calcium-independent manner, whereas non-transformed cells show high sensitivity to extra-cellular calcium concentration, suggesting oncogenic growth may include disruption of calcium signaling. Condensation of chromatin is a vital step in cell division, allowing cells to equally distribute chromosomes to the daughter cells. Recent work has suggested that Ca is required for enabling chromatin condensation in prometaphase. Calcium was found to concentrate on condensed DNA to much higher levels compared