Flightless bird that require a significant amount of overall metabolic energy, ratites decrease their basal metabolic rate and conserve energy. A study looking at the basal rates of birds found a significant correlation between low basal rate and pectoral muscle mass in kiwis. On the contrary, flightless penguins exude an intermediate basal rate. This is likely because penguins have well-developed pectoral muscles for hunting and diving in the water. For ground feeding birds, a cursorial lifestyle is more economical and allows for easier access to dietary requirements. Flying birds have different wing and feather structures that make flying easier, while flightless birds'
Southern Hemisphere Association of Fresh Fruit Exporters Southern Hemisphere Association of Fresh Fruit Exporters The Southern Hemisphere Association of Fresh Fruit Exporters (SHAFFE) is a Trade Association which represents fresh fruit growers and exporters of the Southern Hemisphere. SHAFFE is a platform of exchange of information and cooperation which has been active since the early 1990s. The SHAFFE Presidency rotates on a bi-annual basis between members. The permanent secretariat is based in Brussels. The Southern Hemisphere fruit production amounted in 2007 close to 71 million T (FAO data) out of which 41 million T are grown in Brazil, 8 mln T are grown in Argentina, 6 mln