Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis values more similar to C3 plants. In contrast to terrestrial plants, where CO diffusion in air is relatively fast and typically not limiting, diffusion of dissolved CO in water is considerably slower and can often limit carbon fixation in phytoplankton. As gaseous CO is dissolved into aqueous CO, it is fractionated by both kinetic and equilibrium effects that are temperature-dependent. Relative to plants, the dissolved CO source for phytoplankton can be enriched in C by about 8‰ from atmospheric CO. Isotope fractionation of C by phytoplankton photosynthesis is affected by the diffusion of extracellular aqueous CO into the cell, the
Primary producers photosynthesis. This is also a main way that primary producers take energy and produce/release it somewhere else. Plants, coral, bacteria, and algae do this. Bacteria is a more recent find in the process of photosynthesis with primary producers, as they were just discovered in the soil. During photosynthesis, primary producers take energy from the sun and produce it into energy, sugar, and oxygen. Primary producers also need energy to convert this same energy elsewhere, so they get it from nutrients. One type of nutrient is nitrogen. Without primary producers, organisms that are capable of producing energy on their own, the