Radio astronomy can be recorded and pieced together in a mosaic image. The type of instrument used depends on the strength of the signal and the amount of detail needed. Observations from the Earth's surface are limited to wavelengths that can pass through the atmosphere. At low frequencies, or long wavelengths, transmission is limited by the ionosphere, which reflects waves with frequencies less than its characteristic plasma frequency. Water vapor interferes with radio astronomy at higher frequencies, which has led to building radio observatories that conduct observations at millimeter wavelengths at very high and dry sites, in order to minimize the water
Rough Waves Shukei (), whose still-extant paintings include a number of dynamic and mysterious images of sea waves, among them "Egret, Moon, and Wave" and "The Wind and the Waves". "Rough Waves" also reflects the influence of Tawaraya Sōtatsu, who specialized in gloomy landscapes, but is nevertheless an independent interpretation by Ogata of the frightening and violent force of the sea. "Rough Waves" impressed Ogata’s follower Sakai Hōitsu, who in 1805 created his work "Waves", in which he tried to convey a similar frightening atmosphere and a premonition of danger. At some time in the past, Hōitsu's family had commissioned work from