Meadowsweet rust gall Meadowsweet rust gall Triphragmium ulmariae is a species of fungus in the Sphaerophragmiaceae family. It causes meadowsweet rust gall, which develops as a chemically induced swelling, arising from the lower surface of the meadowsweet leaves. This common gall is caused by the foliar 'rust' fungus "Triphragmium ulmariae" (DC.) Link, 1825 . The fungus attacks the petioles and / or midribs of the perennial meadowsweet ("Filipendula ulmaria") plant, a member of the family Rosaceae, causing swelling and distortion. Sori develop with bright orange spores. The rust's spores reach the meadowsweet via air movements and are spread from the galls that develop
On the Soul On the Soul On the Soul (Greek , "Peri Psychēs"; Latin "De Anima") is a major treatise written by Aristotle c. 350 BC. Although its topic is the soul, it is not about spirituality but rather a work in what might best be described as biopsychology, a description of the subject of psychology within a biological framework. His discussion centres on the kinds of souls possessed by different kinds of living things, distinguished by their different operations. Thus plants have the capacity for nourishment and reproduction, the minimum that must be possessed by any kind of living organism. Lower animals