Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis be less fractionated in C (ie, δC is relatively less negative) compared to C3 plants with low water-use efficiency. C4 plants have developed the C4 carbon fixation pathway to conserve water loss, thus are more prevalent in hot, sunny, and dry climates. These plants differ from C3 plants because the Calvin Cycle in C4 plants produces a four-carbon molecule, malate (rather than 3-phosphoglycerate), after fixation of CO. Malate, the four-carbon compound is the namesake of "C4" photosynthesis. This pathway allows C4 photosynthesis to efficiently shuttle CO to the RuBisCO enzyme and maintain high concentrations of CO within bundle sheath cells.
Liquid latex The fumes from the ammonia in liquid latex can irritate the eyes when used as special effect make up on the face. For this reason it is recommended that liquid latex be allowed to vent for several minutes before being applied in this way. Appropriate liquid latex safety guidelines should be followed before the cosmetic use of liquid latex. Latex is a natural ingredient that comes from rubber trees in the form of a milky liquid. There are thousands of species of plants that produce different types of latex, including the Chicle tree that yields the raw material for producing