Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis product 3-phosphoglycerate is depleted in C due to the kinetic isotope effect of the above reaction. The overall C fractionation for C3 photosynthesis ranges between -20 to -37‰. The wide range of variation in delta values expressed in C3 plants is modulated by the stomatal conductance, or the rate of CO entering, or water vapor exiting, the small pores in the epidermis of a leaf. The δC of C3 plants depends on the relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, which is a good proxy of water use efficiency in the leaf. C3 plants with high water-use efficiency tend to
Liquid latex The fumes from the ammonia in liquid latex can irritate the eyes when used as special effect make up on the face. For this reason it is recommended that liquid latex be allowed to vent for several minutes before being applied in this way. Appropriate liquid latex safety guidelines should be followed before the cosmetic use of liquid latex. Latex is a natural ingredient that comes from rubber trees in the form of a milky liquid. There are thousands of species of plants that produce different types of latex, including the Chicle tree that yields the raw material for producing