Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis the C3 pathway in the daytime and the C4 pathway in the nighttime. At night, when temperature and water loss are lower, the CO diffuses through the stomata and produce malate via phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase. During the following day, stomata are closed, malate is decarboxylated, and CO is fixed by RuBisCO. This process alone is similar to that of C4 plants and yields characteristic C4 fractionation values of approximately -11‰. However, in the afternoon, CAM plants may open their stomata and perform C3 photosynthesis. In daytime alone, CAM plants have approximately -28‰ fractionation, characteristic of C3 plants. These combined effects provide
What I Need What I Need "What I Need" is a song by American recording artist Ray J. It was written by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, and Ray J for his 2005 album "Raydiation", while production was handled by the former. Released as the second single from the album following "One Wish", it reached number 58 on "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "What I Need" earned generally positive reviews by critics. "Billboard" magazine felt that the song "should be enough to momentum. Here, Ray J's vocals once again seem strained as he cops another plea to the woman he