Acute kidney injury are glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), respectively. Other causes of intrinsic AKI are rhabdomyolysis and tumor lysis syndrome. Certain medication classes such as calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus) can also directly damage the tubular cells of the kidney and result in a form of intrinsic AKI. "Postrenal" AKI refers to acute kidney injury caused by disease states downstream of the kidney and most often occurs as a consequence of urinary tract obstruction. This may be related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, kidney stones, obstructed urinary catheter, bladder stones, or cancer of the bladder, ureters, or prostate. Introduced
Urinary bladder a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder. The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is "vesica urinaria", and the term "vesical" or prefix "vesico -" appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" - "cystis" - appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder). The outside of the bladder is protected by a serous membrane. The bladder wall itself is smooth muscle. The inner side of the bladder is lined with a mucosal membrane consisting of a surface glycocalyx