Human eye The upper end of the range is given in terms of normal visual performance as 10 cd/m (100,000,000 or one hundred million candelas per square meter). The eye includes a lens similar to lenses found in optical instruments such as cameras and the same physics principles can be applied. The pupil of the human eye is its aperture; the iris is the diaphragm that serves as the aperture stop. Refraction in the cornea causes the effective aperture (the entrance pupil) to differ slightly from the physical pupil diameter. The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it
Thoracic diaphragm more consistently lower position of the diaphragm increases intra-abdominal pressure which strengthens the lumbar spine. The key to real core stabilization is to maintain the increased IAP while going through normal breathing cycles. […] The diaphragm then performs its breathing function at a lower position to facilitate a higher IAP. Therefore, if a person more consistently lowers their diaphragm, through deep breathing, this can assist strengthening of the core during that period. This can be an aid in strength training and other forms of athletic endeavour. For this reason, taking a deep breath, or adopting a deeper breathing pattern, is