Evolutionary history of plants seed model is shared by basically all gymnosperms (literally: "naked seeds"), most of which encase their seeds in a woody cone or fleshy aril (the yew, for example), but none of which fully enclose their seeds. The angiosperms ("vessel seeds") are the only group to fully enclose the seed, in a carpel. Fully enclosed seeds opened up a new pathway for plants to follow: that of seed dormancy. The embryo, completely isolated from the external atmosphere and hence protected from desiccation, could survive some years of drought before germinating. Gymnosperm seeds from the Late Carboniferous have been found to contain
Division of Nicholls Division of Nicholls The Division of Nicholls is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria, which will be contested for the first time at the 2019 federal election. The division is named in honour of Douglas and Gladys Nicholls, in recognition of their contributions to the advocacy of Aboriginal rights. The Division of Nicholls was created in 2018 after the Australian Electoral Commission oversaw a mandatory redistribution of divisions in Victoria. Nicholls replaced the division of Murray in the same location. It is located in the north of the state, adjoining the Murray River, which forms Victoria's border