Acute kidney injury are glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), respectively. Other causes of intrinsic AKI are rhabdomyolysis and tumor lysis syndrome. Certain medication classes such as calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus) can also directly damage the tubular cells of the kidney and result in a form of intrinsic AKI. "Postrenal" AKI refers to acute kidney injury caused by disease states downstream of the kidney and most often occurs as a consequence of urinary tract obstruction. This may be related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, kidney stones, obstructed urinary catheter, bladder stones, or cancer of the bladder, ureters, or prostate. Introduced
Underactive bladder et al. (2014). "Pathophysiology and animal modeling of underactive bladder." Int Urol Nephrol 46 Suppl 1: 11-21. van Koeveringe, G. A., K. L. Rademakers, et al. (2014). "Detrusor underactivity: Pathophysiological considerations, models and proposals for future research. ICI-RS 2013." Neurourol Urodyn 33(5): 591-596. Underactive bladder Underactive bladder syndrome (UAB) describes symptoms of difficulty with bladder emptying, such as hesitancy to start the stream, a poor or intermittent stream, or sensations of incomplete bladder emptying. The physical finding of detrusor pressurization of insufficient strength or duration to ensure timely and efficient bladder emptying is properly termed "detrusor underactivity" (DU) (Abrams et