Gymnosperm Gymnosperm The gymnosperms , also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, "Ginkgo", and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word "γυμνόσπερμος" (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones,
Archaeological sub-disciplines these are not areas of study in their own right, and are only methods to be used in larger projects. Post-excavation analysis also makes use of a wide variety of further techniques. Archaeological sub-disciplines As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern. Certain civilizations have attracted so much attention that their study has been specifically named. These sub-disciplines include "Assyriology" (Mesopotamia), "Classical archaeology" (Greece and Rome), "Etruscology" (Etruria), and "Egyptology" (Egypt). Another main division of