Fertilisation the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilised state). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in Ginkgo. After being fertilised, the ovary starts to swell and develop into the fruit. With multi-seeded fruits, multiple grains of pollen are necessary for syngamy with
Archaeological sub-disciplines Archaeological sub-disciplines As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern. Certain civilizations have attracted so much attention that their study has been specifically named. These sub-disciplines include "Assyriology" (Mesopotamia), "Classical archaeology" (Greece and Rome), "Etruscology" (Etruria), and "Egyptology" (Egypt). Another main division of archaeology distinguishes: In areas of semi-literacy the term A selective list of sub-disciplines distinguished by time-period or region of study might include: The following is a list of other sub-disciplines. Some of