Franklin D. Roosevelt countries. Roosevelt also normalized relations with the Soviet Union, which the United States had refused to recognize since the 1920s. Roosevelt hoped to renegotiate the Russian debt from World War I and open trade relations, but no progress was made on either issue, and "both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord." The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles during the Wilson administration marked the dominance of isolationism in American foreign policy. Despite Roosevelt's Wilsonian background, he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early
Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt of the Navy while former Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson became Secretary of War. Roosevelt began convening a "war cabinet" consisting of Hull, Stimson, Knox, Chief of Naval Operations Harold Rainsford Stark, and Army Chief of Staff George Marshall. In 1942, Roosevelt set up the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which made the final decisions on American military strategy. Admiral Ernest J. King (Stark's successor) led the navy and the marines. Marshall was in charge of the army and nominally led the air force, which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold. The Joint Chiefs was a White House