Transistor and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.
The Invention of Solitude the earliest writers on the topic - Raymond Lull, Robert Fludd and Giordano Bruno. The Invention of Solitude The Invention of Solitude is Paul Auster's first memoir, published in the year 1982. The book is divided into two separate parts, "Portrait of an Invisible Man", which concerns the sudden death of Auster's father, and "The Book of Memory", in which Auster delivers his personal opinions concerning subjects such as coincidence, fate, and solitude, subjects that have become trademarks of Auster's works. This first part is a meditation on the nature of absence in relation to Auster's recently deceased father, Samuel