Alcatel-Lucent 1947, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley of Bell Labs invented the transistor. In 1956, they received a Nobel Prize for their invention. The transistor led to an electronics revolution during the post-war boom. The transition from vacuum tubes to transistors enabled all technologies to be built on a smaller scale and use less electricity. Items that before required large dedicated spaces, could now fit into a home or even on a kitchen counter. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Darryl Chapin and Calvin Fuller invented the solar cell. Telstar, the first active communications satellite also developed by Bell Labs and launched
The Invention of the Jewish People cultural construct to rest." Balter's article further cites Noah Rosenberg of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, as saying that although the study "does not appear to support" the Khazar hypothesis, it "doesn't entirely eliminate it either." Shlomo Sand has contested the claim that his book has been contradicted by recent genetic research published in "Nature" journal and the "American Journal of Human Genetics". In a new afterword for the paperback edition of "The Invention of the Jewish People", Sand writes: Another study on European Jewish population genetics was published in 2012 (Elhaik et al.). According to his study's conclusions,