History of the transistor about 15 volts". Brattain and H. R. Moore made a demonstration to several of their colleagues and managers at Bell Labs on the afternoon of 23 December 1947, often given as the birth date of the transistor. The "PNP point-contact germanium transistor" operated as a speech amplifier with a power gain of 18 in that trial. In 1956 John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley were honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Twelve people are mentioned as directly involved in the invention of the transistor
The Invention of the Jewish People cultural construct to rest." Balter's article further cites Noah Rosenberg of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, as saying that although the study "does not appear to support" the Khazar hypothesis, it "doesn't entirely eliminate it either." Shlomo Sand has contested the claim that his book has been contradicted by recent genetic research published in "Nature" journal and the "American Journal of Human Genetics". In a new afterword for the paperback edition of "The Invention of the Jewish People", Sand writes: Another study on European Jewish population genetics was published in 2012 (Elhaik et al.). According to his study's conclusions,