Alcatel-Lucent 1947, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley of Bell Labs invented the transistor. In 1956, they received a Nobel Prize for their invention. The transistor led to an electronics revolution during the post-war boom. The transition from vacuum tubes to transistors enabled all technologies to be built on a smaller scale and use less electricity. Items that before required large dedicated spaces, could now fit into a home or even on a kitchen counter. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Darryl Chapin and Calvin Fuller invented the solar cell. Telstar, the first active communications satellite also developed by Bell Labs and launched
The Nobel Peace Prize for Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution group's Korean branch (일본 평화헌법9조 노벨평화상 추천 한국위원회) nominated the and for the prize and dispatched testimonial letters and signatures of Korean citizens to the Norwegian Embassy in Seoul. Peace Research Institute Oslo included "Kyūjyō no kai" as one of the leading candidates (fourth place) for 2015 prize. In South Korea, many people engaged in supportive activities and collected signatures. A total of 142 lawmakers, former Presidents and intellectuals supported the movement. In Korea itself, there is fierce competition for the Nobel Prize, indeed it is rare for Koreans to support the candidacy of foreigners, especially Japanese, for the Nobel