Josephites (20th century) Josephites (20th century) Josephites ( "Iosiflyane") so-called after the name of the Metropolitan Joseph (Petrovykh) of Petrograd – leader of resistance in Russian Orthodox Church. The resistance began after Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) issued formal declaration to all members of the Church, called for loyalty toward the Soviet government: “… "We need to prove it by not words but deeds that not only those indifferent to the Orthodoxy, not only its betrayers can be loyal citizens of the Soviet Union but also its most fervent adherents for whom it is as dear as the truth and life with all its dogmas
History of aesthetics before the 20th century refers to Greek philosophers as the earliest source of formal aesthetic considerations. Plato believed in beauty as a "form" in which beautiful objects partake and which causes them to be beautiful. He felt that beautiful objects incorporated proportion, harmony, and unity among their parts. Similarly, in the "Metaphysics", Aristotle found that the universal elements of beauty were order, symmetry, and definiteness. From the late 17th to the early 20th century Western aesthetics underwent a slow revolution into what is often called modernism. German and British thinkers emphasized beauty as the key component of art and of the aesthetic experience, and