Transistor and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.
Claes Nobel Claes Nobel Claes Nobel (; ; born 1930), a native of Sweden, is grandson of Ludvig Nobel and grand nephew to Alfred Nobel, who established the Nobel Prizes. Founder of the National Society of High School Scholars, Nobel is an advocate of humanitarian and environmental causes, and was honored at the Artivist Film Festival in November 2007 for his work in these areas. He is also Chief Mentor to Cogent EMR Solutions, a company dedicated to research and development of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) safety products and services. In 1974 he drafted The Nobel Laureates Declaration on the Survival of Mankind,