France–Germany relations of the further integration of the EU. They are sometimes described as the "twin engine" or "core countries" pushing for moves. A tram straddling the Franco-German border, across the river Rhine from Strasbourg to Kehl, was inaugurated on the 28th of April 2017 symbolising the strength of relation between the two countries. Both France and Germany track their history back to the time of Charlemagne, whose vast empire included most of the area of both modern-day France and Germany – as well as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and northern Italy. The death of Charlemagne's son Louis the
Phase-locked loop ranges between initial and final phase deviation is larger than formula_13, we say that cycle slipping takes place. Here, sometimes, the limit of the difference or the maximum of the difference is considered Definition of lock-in range. If the loop is in a locked state, then after an abrupt change of formula_15 free within a lock-in range formula_16, the PLL acquires lock without cycle slipping. Here formula_17 is called lock-in frequency. Phase-locked loop ranges The terms hold-in range, pull-in range (acquisition range), and lock-in range are widely used by engineers for the concepts of frequency deviation ranges within which phase-locked loop-based