Compulsory voting papers. Compulsory voting is increasingly resented by citizens in some countries such as Brazil, the largest country where compulsory voting is enforced: at the last presidential election in 2014, some 30 million voters, about 21% of registered voters, did not vote, despite the fact that Brazil has some of the most severe penalties enforced against non voters. A study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referenda by up to 20 percentage points. Another study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United
Predictive control of switching power converters Predictive control of switching power converters Predictive Control of Switching Power Converters. Predictive controllers rely on optimum control systems theory and aim to solve a cost functional minimization problem. Predictive controllers are relatively easy to numerically implement but electronic power converters are non-linear time varying dynamic systems, so a different approach to predictive must be taken. The first step to design a predictive controller is to derive a detailed direct dynamic model (including non-linearities) of the switching power converter. This model must contain enough detail of the converter dynamics to allow, from initial conditions, a forecast in real time and