Compulsory voting papers. Compulsory voting is increasingly resented by citizens in some countries such as Brazil, the largest country where compulsory voting is enforced: at the last presidential election in 2014, some 30 million voters, about 21% of registered voters, did not vote, despite the fact that Brazil has some of the most severe penalties enforced against non voters. A study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referenda by up to 20 percentage points. Another study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United
Irwin Lachman the ceramic substrate found almost in all catalytic converters. The catalytic converters provide cleaner automotive emissions, which greatly reduce the amount harmful pollutants. Lachman, along with his colleagues were critical with developing an efficient and feasible catalytic converter. Later did he realize ceramics could be ideally suited to meet the demands placed on a catalytic converter. The composition he worked on offered better resistance to sudden and extreme temperature fluctuations. Lachman’s fundamental ceramics technology ultimately decreases pollution released into the environment. Their work was a response to the Clean Air Act (1970) and reduced polluting emissions from the combustion process