Ruby laser weaknesses in the lining. Ruby lasers were used extensively in tattoo and hair removal, but are being replaced by alexandrite and s in this application. The ruby laser was the first laser to be made functional. Built by Theodore Maiman in 1960, the device was created out of the concept of an "optical maser," a maser that could operate in the visual or infrared regions of the spectrum. In 1958, after the inventor of the maser, Charles Townes, and his colleague, Arthur Schawlow, published an article in the "Physical Review" regarding the idea of optical masers, the race to build
Sazhen-S Sazhen-S Sazhen-S () is a Soviet laser/optical space surveillance system, used to analyse the orbital parameters of space craft. There are several installations across the former Soviet Union. One of which is based at space ground station NIP-19 near Dunaivtsi in Ukraine. It is named after the sazhen, a former Russian unit of measurement which translates as fathom and has a length of . A similar system is Sazhen-T. A number of Sazhen-S installations were constructed at the network of scientific monitoring stations. At least two are now in Ukraine - one in Dunaivtsi and another at Yevpatoria. At least