Laser laser devices. The question of just how to assign credit for inventing the laser remains unresolved by historians. On May 16, 1960, Theodore H. Maiman operated the first functioning laser at Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California, ahead of several research teams, including those of Townes, at Columbia University, Arthur Schawlow, at Bell Labs, and Gould, at the TRG (Technical Research Group) company. Maiman's functional laser used a solid-state flashlamp-pumped synthetic ruby crystal to produce red laser light, at 694 nanometers wavelength; however, the device only was capable of pulsed operation, because of its three-level pumping design scheme. Later that year,
Laser Focus World also an annual buyer's guide. The magazine is the recipient of the 2011 Folio Awards. Laser Focus World Laser Focus World is a monthly magazine published by PennWell Corporation covering laser, photonics and optoelectronics technologies, applications, and markets. Many professionals in those fields receive it free of charge; it is also possible to subscribe to the magazine. "Laser Focus World" has been published since 1965. It is published on a monthly basis and owned by PennWell Corporation. The headquarters of the magazine is in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Approximately 70,000 subscribers have access to an annual "Lasers and Photonics Marketplace Seminar" and