Mars in fiction the past; Mars is a setting rather than a goal. Mariner 4 in July 1965 found that Mars—contrary to expectations—is heavily cratered, with a very thin atmosphere. No canals were found; while scientists did not believe that Mars was a moist planet, the lack of surface water surprised them. Science fiction had so influenced real explorations of the planet, however—Carl Sagan was among the many fans who became scientists—that after Mariner 9 in 1971-1972, craters were named after Wells, Burroughs, and other authors. The Mariner and Viking space probes confirmed that the Martian environment is extremely hostile to life. By
Hope Mars Mission thrusters will be responsible for the delicate maneuvering. The expected travel time of the "Hope" probe is about 200 days at a speed of up to 40,000 km/h on its journey of 60 million kilometres. Upon arrival at Mars, it will study the atmosphere of Mars for two years. It is planned that its instruments will help build "holistic models" of the Martian atmosphere. The data is expected to provide additional data on the escape of the atmosphere to outer space. The "Hope" probe will carry three scientific instruments to study the Martian atmosphere, which include a digital camera for