Compulsory voting papers. Compulsory voting is increasingly resented by citizens in some countries such as Brazil, the largest country where compulsory voting is enforced: at the last presidential election in 2014, some 30 million voters, about 21% of registered voters, did not vote, despite the fact that Brazil has some of the most severe penalties enforced against non voters. A study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referenda by up to 20 percentage points. Another study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United
Catalytic converter first boil and then aerate. This subsequently leads to a non-start condition, which lasts until the engine and fuel in the lines cool down. As an alternative, catalytic converters were moved to a third of the way back from the engine, and were then placed underneath the vehicle. A 2-way (or "oxidation", sometimes called an "oxi-cat") catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks: This type of catalytic converter is widely used on diesel engines to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. They were also used on gasoline engines in American- and Canadian-market automobiles until 1981. Because of their inability to control