Compulsory voting , 22 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting. Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one Swiss canton and one Indian state) enforce it. Of the 30 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 10 had forms of compulsory voting. These are the countries and sub-national entities that enforce compulsory voting: Countries that have compulsory voting by law but do not enforce it: Although voting in a country may be compulsory, penalties for failing to vote are not always strictly enforced. In Australia and Brazil, providing a legitimate reason for not voting (such as illness) is accepted.
Predictive control of switching power converters the converter. Receding Horizon Optimum Predictive Control Predictive control of switching power converters Predictive Control of Switching Power Converters. Predictive controllers rely on optimum control systems theory and aim to solve a cost functional minimization problem. Predictive controllers are relatively easy to numerically implement but electronic power converters are non-linear time varying dynamic systems, so a different approach to predictive must be taken. The first step to design a predictive controller is to derive a detailed direct dynamic model (including non-linearities) of the switching power converter. This model must contain enough detail of the converter dynamics to allow, from initial