Compulsory voting , 22 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting. Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one Swiss canton and one Indian state) enforce it. Of the 30 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 10 had forms of compulsory voting. These are the countries and sub-national entities that enforce compulsory voting: Countries that have compulsory voting by law but do not enforce it: Although voting in a country may be compulsory, penalties for failing to vote are not always strictly enforced. In Australia and Brazil, providing a legitimate reason for not voting (such as illness) is accepted.
Catalytic combustion patents related to catalytic combustion. Other early work was carried out by researchers at Acurex, Westinghouse, NASA and the United States Air Force. The technique was revisited in the 1990s, leading to two types of catalytic system: Catalytica's fuel-lean approach, and Precision Combustion's fuel-rich approach. Catalytic combustion Catalytic combustion is a chemical process which uses a catalyst to speed desired oxidation reactions of a fuel and so reduce the formation of undesired products, especially pollutant nitrogen oxide gases (NO) far below what can be achieved without catalysts. The process was discovered in the 1970s at Engelhard Corp. Catalysts may be