Compulsory voting papers. Compulsory voting is increasingly resented by citizens in some countries such as Brazil, the largest country where compulsory voting is enforced: at the last presidential election in 2014, some 30 million voters, about 21% of registered voters, did not vote, despite the fact that Brazil has some of the most severe penalties enforced against non voters. A study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referenda by up to 20 percentage points. Another study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United
Catalytic heater Catalytic heater A catalytic heater is a type of heater which relies on catalyzed chemical reactions to break down molecules and produce heat. Catalytic heaters can be used wherever heat is required, producing heat at a lower, more controlled rate than unconstrained combustion. Examples of smaller and larger heaters are soldering irons, hand warmers (such as the Jon-E or Zippo) and space-heating appliances. Current small-scale space heaters are typically propane (LP) or butane fueled, whereas many older types used liquid fuel (naphtha, lighter fluid, Coleman camping fuel or "white gas" in the USA) or alcohol. Pocket-sized catalytic hand warmers have