Coins of the South African rand coins of the Republic were the following: The coins initially had the same size as the former South African coins. All except the and 1 cent coins were in silver. The previous South African farthing coin (¼d) and half-a-crown (s) were not continued in decimal currency. In addition, two bullion coins with denominations of 1 rand and 2 rand were issued, replacing the gold half-pound and pound coins introduced in 1952. Both the pound and the rand gold coins matched the specifications of the British half-sovereign and sovereign (minted, among others, at the Pretoria branch mint until 1932), including the
Currency manipulator a currency manipulator is by creating public opinion via for example news media. This comes from mostly political reasons or from lobbying activities for organizations with interest in manufacturing industries. The manufacturing industry is most heavily affected when one of the nation’s important trade countries manipulated their currency. Products from that country will be more competitive than from their own nation, which causes a shift of manufacturing to that foreign country. Therefore, lobbyists of the U.S. manufacturing sector are often “bashing” China as a currency manipulator. Evidence for this proposition can be found in an analysis of Ramirez (2013), who