Chess in the arts Poul Anderson's short story "Immortal Game", inspired by the 1851 game played by Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky (which also appears in the film "Blade Runner"); or Waldemar Łysiak's "Szachista" (), centered on a game played between Napoleon Bonaparte and The Turk. The game Frank Poole versus HAL 9000 from the film "" is also based on an actual match, albeit not widely known. Other artists drawn their inspirations from the life of players. Vladimir Nabokov wrote "The Defense" after learning about Curt von Bardeleben, while the musical "Chess" was loosely based on the life of Bobby Fischer. Some authors
Cheating in chess to 1964. The Washington University study argues from the researchers' statistical findings that Soviet players may have agreed to draws between themselves to improve their standings. Opinions differ over how effective collusion may be. For example, if a leading player draws his game, it may allow his rivals to gain ground on him by winning their games. The most infamous alleged instance, the 1962 Candidates' Tournament, is discussed further at the "World Chess Championship 1963" article. In 2011, IM Greg Shahade wrote that "prearrangement of results is extremely commonplace, even at the highest levels of chess. This especially holds true