Financial rand had a previous life, from January 1979 to February 1983. The 1985 crisis coincided with a default (then called a "standstill") on foreign debt by the apartheid government. Financial rand The South African financial rand was the most visible part of a system of capital controls. Although the financial rand was abolished in March 1995, some capital controls remain in place. These capital controls are locally referred to as "exchange controls", although the system has since 1995 moved towards surveillance — recording and reporting to the authorities of foreign currency transactions — rather than control. Capital controls have been in
Currency manipulator a currency manipulator is by creating public opinion via for example news media. This comes from mostly political reasons or from lobbying activities for organizations with interest in manufacturing industries. The manufacturing industry is most heavily affected when one of the nation’s important trade countries manipulated their currency. Products from that country will be more competitive than from their own nation, which causes a shift of manufacturing to that foreign country. Therefore, lobbyists of the U.S. manufacturing sector are often “bashing” China as a currency manipulator. Evidence for this proposition can be found in an analysis of Ramirez (2013), who