History of submarines few years before the US, and paralleled subsequent US development in this area. In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. The sailing of the first nuclear-powered submarine, the USN ""Nautilus"" in 1955 was soon followed by similar British, French and Russian boats. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations, together with inertial navigation systems, gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS "Nautilus" in 1958. Most of the
North Pole-36 a piece of sea ice that was approximately across. At the moment of disembarkation the station was in so-called to "the Hollow of submariners" between Wrangel island and the North Pole. The vessel "Akademik Fyodorov" carried out the delivery of the expedition to the ice. The station was removed with the nuclear icebreaker NS "Yamal" in the Arctic ocean at the end of August 2009. The evacuation of the station from the drifting ice floe took three days of continuous work. The chief of high-latitude arctic expeditions Vladimir Sokolov supervised the work. North Pole-36 North Pole-36 ("") was the 36th