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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
Design bias is introduced when the researcher fails to take into account the inherent biases liable in most types of experiment. Some bias is inevitable, and the researcher must show that they understand this, and have tried their best to lessen the impact, or take it into account in the statistics and analysis. Another type of design bias occurs after the research is finished and the results analyzed.