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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
0 Answers/Comments. A hypothesis is what an investigator uses to: (Points: 2) duplicate research findings of other scientists. frame his/her research question. explain why he/she obtained a certain result from an experiment. define the parameters of a research study. determine what kind of research design to use.