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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
Additionally, the research design must make clear the procedures used to ensure the protection of research subjects, whether human or animal, and to maintain the integrity of the information collected in the study. There are many ways to design a study to test a hypothesis. The research design that is chosen depends on the type of hypothesis (e.g. Does X cause Y? or How can I describe X and Y? or What is the relationship between X and Y?), how much time and money the study will cost, and whether or not it is possible to find participants.