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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
Some limitations are inherent to your research design itself. For example, you wonât be able to infer causality from a correlational study or generalize to an entire population from a case study.