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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
â¢ It is only experimental research that can establish a causal relationship between variables. â¢ In correlational research, there is no attempt made by the researcher to control or influence variables. He merely records the values of variables. â¢ Correlational research can establish a correlation between two variables without stating causal relationship.