âWhere long-term costs are considered, roundabouts eliminate hardware, maintenance and electrical costs associated with traffic signals, which can cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per year.âEngineers also consider how the improvement affects the capacity of the intersection, and how the improvement affects traffic flow.Where long-term costs are considered, roundabouts eliminate hardware, maintenance and electrical costs associated with traffic signals, which can cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per year.
P. G. Part E. Now find the magnitude of the force on an electron placed at point P. Recall that the charge on an electron has magnitude e = 1.60 * 10 -19 C. Enter your answer numerically in newtons. The force is just the electric effect of two charges.
I'm not sure what was meant by whoever told you that the direction of the electrons is generally unknown. On average, the electrons move from negative to positive electrical potential in a DC circuit, as you said. Perhaps what they meant is that if you pick a particular electron and look at its velocity, it could be in any random direction. That's because the electrons are constantly bouncing off of each other and the atoms in the wire, causing the energy losses known as electrical resistance (also called Ohmic losses). So at any given moment, the actual direction of an individual electron is random.