You know, don't push the button, don't push the button, don't push the button, and then some socko finish. I was pleasantly surprised by how the book bobs and weaves and is a lot more active and entertaining that just that. MILD SPOILER, so don't tell your four year old.
The late payment penalty applies to any portion of your federal tax that remains unpaid as of the due date, typically the tax filing date. The IRS imposes a failure-to-pay penalty of one half of one percent for each month or part of a month that the tax goes unpaid.
A personal exemption (not to be confused with the Health Care penalty exemption) is tax-free money you get to deduct from your income for every taxpayer and dependent claimed on your return. For 2016, the exemption is $4,050 per person, which means a jointly-filing couple with 2 dependents get an exemption of $16,200 (4 people x $4,050). This amount is subject to a phaseout, or reduction, once you go above a certain AGI level (for example, on joint returns the phaseout kicks in at $311,300).