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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
Purpose of Correlational Research. Unlike the other research designs we will study in this course, correlational research can have either of two purposes. One purpose for doing correlational research is to determine the degree to which a relationship exists between two or more variables. Notice that I did NOT say cause-and-effect relationship. Correlational research designs are incapable of establishing cause-and-effect.