âWhere long-term costs are considered, roundabouts eliminate hardware, maintenance and electrical costs associated with traffic signals, which can cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per year.âEngineers also consider how the improvement affects the capacity of the intersection, and how the improvement affects traffic flow.Where long-term costs are considered, roundabouts eliminate hardware, maintenance and electrical costs associated with traffic signals, which can cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per year.
Show transcribed image text An electron is traveling through a region between two metal plates in which there is a constant electric field of magnitude E along the y direction as sketched in the figure below. This region has a total length L, and the electron has an initial speed v0 along the x direction. (Use the following as necessary: m and e for the mass and charge of the electron respectively, E, L, v0.
I'm not sure what was meant by whoever told you that the direction of the electrons is generally unknown. On average, the electrons move from negative to positive electrical potential in a DC circuit, as you said. Perhaps what they meant is that if you pick a particular electron and look at its velocity, it could be in any random direction. That's because the electrons are constantly bouncing off of each other and the atoms in the wire, causing the energy losses known as electrical resistance (also called Ohmic losses). So at any given moment, the actual direction of an individual electron is random.