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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
Research Design. A. common feature of qualitative projects is that they aim to create. understanding from data as the analysis proceeds. This means. that the research design of a qualitative study differs from that of. a study that starts with an understanding to be tested, where often the. hypothesis literally dictates the form, quantity, and scope of required. data. This sort of design preempts other ways of looking at the research. question.