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As with other thyroid-related problems, nodules are more common in women than men and the risk in both sexes increases with age. Most thyroid nodules do not cause any symptoms. However, if they grow large enough, they can cause swelling in the neck and lead to breathing and swallowing difficulties, pain, and goiter.
The condition can be due to a deficiency of iodine, a problem with the functioning of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, or a problem with the thyroid gland itself. Hypothyroidism is twice as common in women as it is in men. It is most common in middle age or older, affecting approximately 10% of women over the age of 60 years. A family history of thyroid problems makes an individual more susceptible to hypothyroidism, as do obesity and raised blood cholesterol levels.