Product Development and Drug Testing. To predict toxicity, corrosivity, and other safety variables as well as the effectiveness of new products, traditional testing of chemicals, consumer products, medical devices, and new drugs has involved the use of animals.r. Gerhard Zbinden, one of the world's leading toxicologists, once described a standard in vivo test as little more than âa ritual mass execution of animals.â The testing of just one substance alone, be it a potential drug or toxic chemical, can involve using up to 800 animals and cost over $6 million. [1].
Paleness should be distinguished from other causes of prominent white skin 1  : Fair skin is genetically determined skin hue with low concentration of skin pigment (melanin) in the skin.
There are many types of hyper-pigmentation, but the following 3 are the most probable causes for dark spots, brown spots and age spots to appear on the skin. 1  Sun Exposure: Darker pigment spots such as age spots are caused by sun exposure and harmful UV rays that produce excess melanin. When UV rays are deposited in the skin where it then triggers the melanin in your skin to over produce and leave dark spots and age spots on the skin.