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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
The major methodology of this approach is the single-case experiment, or N = 1 design. Although there are many kinds of N = 1 designs, the most common are the ABAB design and the multiple-baseline design. An ABAB design, or reversal design, allows a researcher to confirm a treatment effect by showing that behavior changes systematically with conditions of No Treatment (baseline) and Treatment.