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Joseph II (1741â1790), Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Hapsburg (Austrian) territories, was the arch-embodiment of the Enlightenment spirit of the later 18th-century reforming monarchs known as the benevolent despots, or enlightened despots.
Joseph II on his way to Frankfurt for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. The death of Maria Theresa on 29 November 1780 left Joseph free. He immediately directed his government on a new course. He proceeded to attempt to realize his ideal of enlightened despotism acting on a definite system for the good of all.