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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques enables designers to. determine simultaneously the individual and interactive effects of. many factors that could affect the output results in any design. DOE. also provides a full insight of interaction between design elements; therefore, it helps turn any standard design into a robust one. Simply. put, DOE helps to pin point the sensitive parts and sensitive areas in. designs that cause problems in Yield.