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1 Covariation: Changes in the assumed cause (X) are related to changes in the assumed effect (Y). Changing X results in a predictable change in Y.  Temporal Precedence: The assumed cause must occur before the asssumed effect.
The experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process, while controlling other relevant factors. If a behavior changes when we vary an experimental factor, then we know the factor is having a causal effect.