During reconstruction or removal of a road surface, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is commonly obtained by milling or removing the. existing pavement. For this study, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is defined as all. asphalt road waste, large chunks or milled material, that has been size-reduced, making it. reusable as part of a new asphalt mixture. Reclaimed asphalt pavement has been successfully re-used and recycled for many.
The eartubes are the metal/steel parts of the stethoscope that connect to the eartips and the synthetic/PVC tubing, which connects to the stem of the chest-piece. The eartubes are designed to to isolate and transfer sound to the users ears with minimum quality loss.
Medical students listening to their heartbeats using a multiple stethoscope, c.1920s. Credits:Wellcome Library, London. RenÃ© Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816. While consulting a female patient, Laennec needed to listen to the womanâs chest. Before the stethoscope, doctors would place their ear directly onto the patientâs chest, a practice called auscultation.