By the mid-1960s unilateral deterrence gave way to 'mutual deterrence', a situation of strategic stalemate. The superpowers would refrain from attacking each other because of the certainty of mutual assured destruction, better known as MAD. This theory is still a major part of the defense policies of the United States and Russia. This led to the foundation of the nuclear triad, or use of three different types of delivery systems (bombers, missiles, and submarines), to assure that a second-strike capability existed able to cause massive destruction to the attacking nation.
What costs do they measure? The difference between cost per thousand (CPM) and cost per rating point (CPRP) is that CPM measures the dollar cost of reaching 1,000 members of the media vehicle's audience. CPRP is a relative measure of the efficiency of a media vehicle to a firm's target market.
EC is measured by an EC meter, which is also known as a solubridge. These meters normally look like pH meters, but instead of the glass bulb electrodes, EC meters have metal prongs or bridges to measure the electrical current that passes between them.n some instances, you may see EC measured in PPM (parts per million). You can purchase meters that will read EC in PPM or convert and mS/cm reading to PPM. To change mS/cm to PPM for aqueous solutions, multiply the reading by 640. For converting 1:2 ratio soil solutions, multiply by 1,500 to get a reading in PPM.