This type of software testing is very informal and unstructured and can be performed by any stakeholder with no reference to any test case or test design documents. The person performing Ad-hoc testing has a good understanding of the domain and workflows of the application to try to find defects and break the software.
Wolfram Alpha is a computational search engine (sometimes referred to as an answer engine). The interface looks similar to that of a regular search engine but queries typed into the search box result answers to specific questions rather than listings of websites that may be relevant to the query.
Meta binary search (also called one-sided binary search by Steven Skiena in The Algorithm Design Manual on page 134) is a modified form of binary search that incrementally constructs the index of the target value in the array. Like normal binary search, meta binary search takes [math]O(\lg n)[/math] time. The exact implementation varies, but the basic algorithm has two parts: Figure out how many bits are necessary to store the largest array index.