The chemical reactivity of benzene contrasts with that of the alkenes in that substitution reactions occur in preference to addition reactions, as illustrated in the following diagram (some comparable reactions of cyclohexene are shown in the green box).. A two-step mechanism has been proposed for these electrophilic substitution reactions. In the first, slow or rate-determining, step the electrophile forms a sigma-bond to the benzene ring, generating a positively charged benzenonium intermediate.
Ltd. is the abbreviation for limited. The term is designed to advise that the shareholders or owners of this type of enterprise is limited. Specifically, the shareholders or owners have limited responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business enterprise, according to InvestorWords.com.arning. Merely adding ltd. to the end of a business's name does not, in and of itself, limit liability. Rather, the company must appropriately be established in the first place, complying with the organizational laws of the jurisdiction where created.
In the U.S., in those states where ltd. is allowed as an alternative to inc, a shareholder is not personally or individually liable for any corporate debt or obligation, no matter how much she invested in the business.