1 Rarely, fistulas occur externally to the skin or internally to another part of the biliary tree, to the pleural cavity or bronchial tree, or to the hepatic artery or portal vein or other vascular structures.
Load factor (aeronautics) In aeronautics, the load factor is defined as the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight and represents a global measure of the stress (load) to which the structure of the aircraft is subjected: where: Since the load factor is the ratio of two forces, it is dimensionless.
Calculation of induced drag. For a planar wing with an elliptical lift distribution, induced drag can be calculated as follows: =, where. is the lift, is the air density, is the true airspeed, and is the wingspan. From this equation it is clear that the induced drag decreases with flight speed and with wingspan.