Executive summary. NaOH (sodium hydroxide or caustic soda) is a by-product of the chlorine-alkali. process. As this process is determined by the long-term demand for chlorine, changes. in demand for NaOH does not affect the output of NaOH from this process. An analysis of the NaOH market reveals that long-term changes in demand for NaOH.
2015 Average Federal Income Taxes Paid by State. The average taxpayer in the United States paid $12,978 in federal income taxes in 2015. How does that compare to where you live?
A quick calculation shows that the average taxpayer owed $9,655 in income tax. Since the average taxpayer's gross income was $71,258 for 2015, this translates to an effective federal income tax rate of 13.5%. Image source: Getty Images. Just to add a little color, know that this rate is a bit misleading because it includes the more than 50 million tax returns that had no federal income tax liability.