Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to successfully go into orbit around Mars launched on May 30, 1971, and arrived November 13, 1971 for a duration of 167 days. This is the same pattern that has held up for more almost 50 years of Mars exploration: approximately 150-300 days.
Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
A pardon from the Queen is a fitting tribute to an exceptional man, Mr Grayling said. Prime Minister David Cameron said the code-breaker's work saved countless lives. Alan Turing was a remarkable man who played a key role in saving this country in World War II by cracking the German Enigma code, Mr Cameron said. He also left a remarkable national legacy through his substantial scientific achievements, often being referred to as the father of modern computing..