Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to successfully go into orbit around Mars launched on May 30, 1971, and arrived November 13, 1971 for a duration of 167 days. This is the same pattern that has held up for more almost 50 years of Mars exploration: approximately 150-300 days.
Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
Alan Turing's Universal Machine is named greatest British innovation of the 20th Century. 1  The 'universal machine' is the theoretical basis for all modern computers. 2  Alan Turing created the theory in a paper 'on computable numbers' in 1936. 3  After WWII, Turing made the first designs for a stored-program computer.roundbreaking: Alan Turing also invented the code breaking naval Enigma machine, pictured, which cracked the Nazis' coding machine and stripped U-boats blockading Britain of their cover. Turing's invention was one of 100 to be shortlisted for the national vote.