Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to successfully go into orbit around Mars launched on May 30, 1971, and arrived November 13, 1971 for a duration of 167 days. This is the same pattern that has held up for more almost 50 years of Mars exploration: approximately 150-300 days.
Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
Howard H. Aiken was a 20th century mathematician and engineer who came up with the idea behind the Mark I, a forerunner to modern computing devices. Synopsis Born on March 9, 1900, in Hoboken, New Jersey, Howard H. Aiken went on to study physics and taught for a time at Harvard. Aiken came up with the idea of creating an automated machine that would handle large scale calculating. Teaming up with IBM, Aiken and a group of engineers created the Mark 1, which debuted in 1944.