Executive summary. NaOH (sodium hydroxide or caustic soda) is a by-product of the chlorine-alkali. process. As this process is determined by the long-term demand for chlorine, changes. in demand for NaOH does not affect the output of NaOH from this process. An analysis of the NaOH market reveals that long-term changes in demand for NaOH.
2015 Average Federal Income Taxes Paid by State. The average taxpayer in the United States paid $12,978 in federal income taxes in 2015. How does that compare to where you live?
Employers generally have to withhold federal and state income tax from all employees' wages, based on what employees enter on their Form W-4. Income taxes are paid solely by the employees through these withholdings. Currently, the federal government levies a 12.4 percent tax for Social Security on up to $118,500 (increasing to $127,200 for 2017) of an employee's pay and a 2.9 percent tax for Medicare on all wages.