Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies. The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation has collected many recent deterrence studies, including ones by Hashem Dezhbakhsh, Paul H. Rubin, Joanna M. Shepherd, H. Naci Mocan & R. Kaj Gittings and others claiming a deterrent effect to the death penalty. These studies may be found here.
Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the tough membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord. This leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache. Spinal headaches typically appear within 48 hours after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia.
Pain that is felt in the extremities due to a damaged or compressed nerve root in the spine is called referred pain. A herniated disc in the cervical (upper) region of the spine can cause headaches. The cervical spine begins at the base of the skull and contains seven vertebrae. All of these vertebrae except for the first two (the atlas and the axis) are separated by spongy intervertebral discs. Over time, these discs can degenerate due to: Age.