Bipolar disorder, which used to be called manic depressive illness or manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by wide mood swings from high (manic) to low (depressed). Periods of high or irritable mood are called manic episodes.
James Byrd, Jr. was not engaged in a federally-protected activity when he was lynched and killed. The Matthew Shepard Act expanded the 1969 Federal Hate Crime Law to cover these and other types of brutal murders.
The Nazis began persecuting the Jews soon after they came to power on 30 January 1933. From late February 1933 onwards there were some cases of Stormtroopers beating up Jews with impunity in the street. The first anti-Jewish laws came into force on 1 April 1933.