Bipolar disorder, which used to be called manic depressive illness or manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by wide mood swings from high (manic) to low (depressed). Periods of high or irritable mood are called manic episodes.
James Byrd, Jr. was not engaged in a federally-protected activity when he was lynched and killed. The Matthew Shepard Act expanded the 1969 Federal Hate Crime Law to cover these and other types of brutal murders.
In addition to race, sexual orientation has seen a drop as the motivation for hate crimes, going from 22 percent in 2004 to 13 percent of hate crimes in 2012, as has perceived association (dropping from 19 percent to 7 percent).