The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck (James Watt's first partner) in 1746.
6. Use almond meal as a flour substitute. Some individuals have found success using almond meal as a flour substitute. However, almond meal does not have the same chemical properties as wheat flour.ecause almond meal is simply made of almonds that are ground into a fine powder, anyone can create his or her own almond meal. 1  Simply fill a food processor or flour mill with whole, unsalted almonds.
Bread flour, with its high protein content, isn't suitable for cupcakes. Recipes that specifically call for cake flour have a proven formula and should be respected. To substitute all-purpose flour, use 3/4 cup of all-purpose flour plus 2 tablespoons of cornstarch for every cup of cake flour. Substituting whole wheat flour in cupcakes results in a denser cake and should replace no more than half of the white flour in your recipe.