In situations when the presentation of reinforcement is controlled, such as during training, the timing of when a reinforcer is presented can be manipulated. During the early stages of learning, continuous reinforcement is often used. This schedule involves reinforcing a response each and every time it occurs.
Newcomb is either English or Welsh in origin and if your family arrived in the earliest batch of pre-revolutionary Newcombs they came from the English west country which can also mean Wales. If you need more information there are two books on the Newcombs. I have the one published in 1874.
The surname Darby is a corruption of Derby the city in England. Ripley comes from the place in Derbyshire. Other examples of surnames derived from place names are Bakewell, Bampton, Eccleston and Southcott (cott is an old word for cottage).Denton and Southwell are also derived from village names.r if they lived by towers they might get the surname Towers. The origin of the surnames Orchard and Pond are obvious. The surnames Wick, Wicke, Wickes and Wicks all come from the old word wick, which meant a specialized farm. So does Whicker (dweller at the wick).