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The proton motive force arises from a combination of the concentration gradient of protons and a voltage gradient across the membrane (the protons are positively charged, so an imbalance of protons means that the side of the membrane with more protons has a positive charge relative to the side with fewer protons).
The nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together. While less than the force of binding energy, it is still more powerful than the electromagnetic force, so the protons with a charge of +1, though tending to repel each other, still stick to each other.he nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together. While less than the force of binding energy, it is still more powerful than the electromagnetic force, so the protons with a charge of +1, though tending to repel each other, still stick to each other.