The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update and delete), data definition (schema creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language , it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.
uk â /ËkÉs.tÉªÅ/ us â /ËkÉË.stÉªÅ/. âº a calculation of the future cost of something such as a possible product: We'll need accurate costings before we can agree to fund the project.
Cost is the expense that a business incurs in bringing a product or service to market. Price is the amount a customer pays for that product or service. The difference between the price that is paid and the cost that is incurred is the profit the business makes when the item sells. If a customer pays $10 for an item that costs the company $5 to produce and sell, the company makes a $5 profit. As prices climb, the cost of living increases.