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Pathophysiology of COPD. COPD is a complex syndrome comprised of airway inflammation, mucociliary dysfunction and consequent airway structural changes.1. Airway inflammation. COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways, lung tissue and pulmonary blood vessels as a result of exposure to inhaled irritants such as tobacco smoke.
Criteria for the diagnosis of COPD have been established.3 However, there is no validated diagnostic test or biomarker of COPD exacerbations.4 The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) define an exacerbation as an acute change in a patient's baseline dyspnea, cough, or sputum that is beyond normal variability, and that is sufficient to warrant a change in therapy.5 The ATS and ERS classify COPD exacerbations as mild, moderate, or severe, based on the ...