ATP Synthase is the terminal step of oxidative phosphorylation (cellular respiration). Complexes I, II, III, and IV take electrons from NADH or FADH(2) and transfer them to O2 to form H2O. During this process protons (H+) are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into the outer mitochondrial space. The proton gradient that is formed as a result of this pumping action is what drives ATP synthase to favor the formation of ATP from ADP plus phosphate. The transfer of electrons to O2 is coupled to the formation of ATP such that if there is no ADP and phosphate, the rate of respiration dramatically decreases.
GENERAL. 1  The Giant Maso Mastiff is a new and still a developing breed that is being developed with the aim to produce a healthier version of Old English Mastiff dog that can live longer. Originating in Germany, these dogs have more English Mastiff in them than the other parent breed, the Cane Corso Itliano.
The Neapolitan Mastiff is a member of the Working Group. This Italian Mastiff is a direct descendent of the dogs used to fight in the Roman Coliseum. Over the past 2000 years it was refined to its present form as a guardian of the family and estates in northern Italy. (Note that we use the abbreviation Neo, yet the name for the breed is Neapolitan, not Neopolitan.