The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update and delete), data definition (schema creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language , it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.
uk â /ËkÉs.tÉªÅ/ us â /ËkÉË.stÉªÅ/. âº a calculation of the future cost of something such as a possible product: We'll need accurate costings before we can agree to fund the project.
Process Costing. Process costing is a cost accounting system in which direct costs are traced and indirect costs are allocated to processes carried out in different departments. The cost of finished goods is then computed based on average cost accumulated at the end of the last department.nlike job-order costing, which is another widely-used costing system, process costing averages out costs over all departments and values the finished products and closing work in process, if any, using either the first-in-first-out (FIFO) or weighted-average convention.