A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them.
Phototrophism vs photosynthesis. Phototrophic organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP. The use of light energy to make ATP is called photophosphorylation. Photosynthetic organisms (photoautotrophs) also use light energy to make both ATP and reduced electron carriers (NADH or NADPH).
Potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position. Kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects. Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of chemical energy. Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when people burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine.