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In the prokaryotic bacterium E. coli, replication can occur at a rate of 1,000 nucleotides per second. In comparison, eukaryotic human DNA replicates at a rate of 50 nucleotides per second. In both cases, replication occurs so quickly because multiple polymerases can synthesize two new strands at the same time by using each unwound strand from the original DNA double helix as a template.
Nucleotides in DNA contain four different nitrogenous bases: Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, or Guanine. There are two groups of bases: Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine each have a single six-member ring. Purines: Guanine and Adenine each have a double ring made up of a five-atom ring attached by one side to a six-atom ring. The order of nucleotides along DNA polymers encode the genetic information carried by DNA.