Vulcan blood is presumed to be green in color , the explanation for this ( first definitely advanced in the installment  Obsession ,  from the original program ) being that the oxiferous ( oxygen-carrying ) protein hemoglobin , in Vulcan blood cells , is chemically based on the element copper , rather than the element iron as is the case with ...
SECONDARY GROUPS The term secondary group has come into use in sociology to describe any group which lacks one or more of the elements that go together to characterize a primary group. In general, a secondary group is composed of individuals who lacks strong emotional ties one another.. (end of quotation) .
Reference Groups: A reference group is any group of people that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior (Schaefer). The term reference group was coined by Herbert Hymen in 1942 in a study of social class.