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The halogens (F, Cl, Br etc.) are one electron short of a valence shell octet, and are among the most reactive of the elements (they are colored red in this periodic table). In their chemical reactions halogen atoms achieve a valence shell octet by capturing or borrowing the eighth electron from another atom or molecule.
A quick way to determine the number of valence electrons for a representative element is to look at which group is it in. Elements in group Ia have 1 valence electron. Elements in group IIa have 2 valence electrons. Can you guess how many valence electrons elements in group VIa have? If you guessed 6 valence electrons, then you are correct! The only group of representative elements that this method doesn't work for is group 0. Those elements certainly have more than 0 valence electrons; in fact, all of them except for helium have 8 valence electrons. Why doesn't helium have 8 valence electrons? Think for a moment about how many electrons helium has - it ...