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Because anencephaly is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect. Because the neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the womb.
The neural tube is the group of cells that form during fetal development and will eventually form the brain and spinal cord of the embryo. The term spina bifida means cleft (or split) spine and is characterized by incomplete formation of the bones in the spine (vertebrae) that fail to completely cover the baby's spinal cord.