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Because anencephaly is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect. Because the neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the womb.
Neural tube defects occur when the bones of the spine do not correctly form, leaving the spinal cord and its nerves and coverings to protrude out through the skin (or lie just beneath it). The use of folate vitamins during pregnancy has decreased the incidence of neural tube defects.