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Songhai became independent of Mali, and rivalled it as the leading power in West Africa. Culture, Religion and Monarchy. The Songhai had settled on both banks of the middle Niger River. They established a state in the 15th century, which unified a large part of the western Sudan and developed into a brilliant civilisation.
Locally called the Song Hong, it arises is the central Yunnan province, and is joined by the Song Li and Song Da (or Clear and Dark Rivers) on its way to the sea. Its common name derives from the large amount of silt it contains, which is deposited in a densely populated 2,700-square-mile delta on the Gulf of Tonkin.