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Because anencephaly is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect. Because the neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the womb.
1 Neural tube defects are problems with the development of the brain or spinal cord. 2  The use of aminopterin during pregnancy can lead to brain abnormalities such as anencephaly, where all or part of the brain is missing, or hydrocephalus, which is a build-up of fluid in the brain.