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Because anencephaly is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect. Because the neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the womb.
The former includes folate deficiency resulting in fetal neural tube defects (12, 13) and iodine deficiency that causes cretinism (14), whereas the latter includes intrauterine growth retardation (15, 16) and other pregnancy-related and delivery complications (17â21).