These studies are now being done by GWAS in 2 patient groups, examining both baseline HbF and the HbF response to hydroxyurea. Genetic modulation of sickle cell disease: Homozygosity for a single Î²-globin gene mutation (HBB; glu6val) causes sickle cell anemia.hese studies are now being done by GWAS in 2 patient groups, examining both baseline HbF and the HbF response to hydroxyurea. Genetic modulation of sickle cell disease: Homozygosity for a single Î²-globin gene mutation (HBB; glu6val) causes sickle cell anemia.
Spiral Galaxies. Spiral galaxy M100. Spiral galaxies have three main components: a bulge, disk, and halo (see right). The bulge is a spherical structure found in the center of the galaxy. This feature mostly contains older stars. The disk is made up of dust, gas, and younger stars. The disk forms arm structures.
These twisted galaxies range from a billion to a trillion times as massive as the sun. The visible disk can be anywhere from 10 to 300 thousand light-years across. The largest known spiral galaxy is NGC 6872, which is 522,000 light-years across from the tips of its outstretched spiral arms, about 5 times the size of the Milky Way. In the early universe, galaxies frequently collided and interacted with one another, so the spiral shape of these ancient giants would have been quickly disrupted.