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Fabrication is the practice of inventing data or results and recording and/or reporting them in the research record. Both of these schemes are probably among the most serious offenses in scientific research as they challenge the credibility of everyone and everything involved in a research effort.
Deception in research is one area where balancing the needs for statistical accuracy and validity against ethics is always a very difficult process. For most studies, the informed consent policy is used - when not used, an ethical committee must approve that the deception does not cause harm or distrust of research.