Instructions on how to build a pasta measuring tool for the kitchen. This pasta planner magic wand kitchen gadget can be built using hole saws, scrap wood and sandpaper to smooth out the edges. By the MOTHER EARTH NEWS Editors. November/December 1982.
Upstream and downstream are general business terms referring to an oil or gas company's location in the supply chain. The closer to the end user a function or firm is, the further downstream it is said to be. Raw material extraction or production are elements of the supply chain considered to be upstream. The upstream companies identify oil and natural gas deposits and engage in the extraction of these resources from underground. These firms are often called exploration and production companies. Refiners represent the downstream element of the oil and gas supply chain. Upstream oil and gas operations identify deposits, drill wells, and recover raw materials from underground.
There are three varieties: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both upstream and downstream) vertical integration. 1  A company exhibits backward vertical integration when it controls subsidiaries that produce some of the inputs used in the production of its products.