refined. 1. Characterized by discriminating taste and broad knowledge as a result of development or education: civilized, cultivated, cultured, educated, polished, urbane, well-bred. 2.
In the scientific classification established by Carl von Linne, linnÃ© each species has to be assigned to a (genus binary), nomenclature which in turn is a lower level of a hierarchy of (ranks, family, suborder, order, subclass, class/division, phyla kingdom and). domainacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria.
Listeria is a genus of bacteria that, until 1992, contained 10 known species, each containing two subspecies. As of 2014, another five species were identified. Named after the British pioneer of sterile surgery Joseph Lister, the genus received its current name in 1940. Listeria species are gram-positive, rod-shaped, and facultatively anaerobic, and do not produce endospores. The major human pathogen in the Listeria genus is L. monocytogenes. It is usually the causative agent of the relatively r