Instructions on how to build a pasta measuring tool for the kitchen. This pasta planner magic wand kitchen gadget can be built using hole saws, scrap wood and sandpaper to smooth out the edges. By the MOTHER EARTH NEWS Editors. November/December 1982.
Upstream and downstream are general business terms referring to an oil or gas company's location in the supply chain. The closer to the end user a function or firm is, the further downstream it is said to be. Raw material extraction or production are elements of the supply chain considered to be upstream. The upstream companies identify oil and natural gas deposits and engage in the extraction of these resources from underground. These firms are often called exploration and production companies. Refiners represent the downstream element of the oil and gas supply chain. Upstream oil and gas operations identify deposits, drill wells, and recover raw materials from underground.
Downstream sector. The downstream sector of the oil and gas industry involves the refining of the crude oil and/or raw natural gases obtained in the upstream sector as well as selling or distributing the products obtained.he downstream sector of the industry is the sector that relates with the consumers. Facilities involved in this sector include petrochemical plants, oil refineries, natural gas distribution companies, retail outlets and so forth.