studies finding polycentric governance to be more adaptive than other forms of governance4. As the number of scholars identifying polycentricity and related concepts as elements of adaptive governance has increased, however, a number of issues have arisen which could 4 As discussed in section 4, however, these authors defined polycentric governance as a polycentric governance system within which constituent decision-making entities act coherently, rather than more generally, as
Other causes include the following: 1  Rheumatoid arthritis causes pain, swelling of the joints, and bone spurs. When these occur in the neck area, neck pain can result. 2  Osteoporosis weakens bones and can lead to small fractures. This condition often happens in hands or knees, but it can also occur in the neck.
Tendinitis, muscle spasms and arthritis cause pain and stiffness in the joints as well. Experiencing stiffness in the hip area is usually a result of arthritis or a more serious medical condition like Antley-Bixler syndrome or hypophosphatemic rickets. Antley-Bixler Syndrome and arthritis cause stiffness in the knees.An elbow with muscle stiffness can be caused by a sprain or epicondylitis.xperiencing stiffness in the hip area is usually a result of arthritis or a more serious medical condition like Antley-Bixler syndrome or hypophosphatemic rickets. Antley-Bixler Syndrome and arthritis cause stiffness in the knees.