E. Mechanical receptors are located in the lungs, upper airways, chest wall, and diaphragm which prevent overdistension of the lungs. F. Respiratory defense mechanisms: 1. filtration of air by the upper airways 2. mucociliary clearance system -which is decreased by infection, atropine, alcohol, dehydration,
However, one. of the most challenging aspects of forensic DNA analysis is the. interpretation of low-level testing results where it is difï¬cult to. distinguish reliably between noise and signal from template DNA. that is associated with an evidence sample (3,4).
With DNA paternity testing it is possible to 100% exclude someone as the biological father. However, the only way to produce a 100% positive result, would be to test the entire genome of an individual-all of their DNA. DNA paternity tests use a standardised sample of DNA-up to 15 DNA markers-to predict the probability of paternity. These probabilities are usually very high-as high as 99.9999%. This means that, for an alleged father who is not excluded, the paternity report is 99.9999% confident that he is the biological father.