studies finding polycentric governance to be more adaptive than other forms of governance4. As the number of scholars identifying polycentricity and related concepts as elements of adaptive governance has increased, however, a number of issues have arisen which could 4 As discussed in section 4, however, these authors defined polycentric governance as a polycentric governance system within which constituent decision-making entities act coherently, rather than more generally, as
Other causes include the following: 1  Rheumatoid arthritis causes pain, swelling of the joints, and bone spurs. When these occur in the neck area, neck pain can result. 2  Osteoporosis weakens bones and can lead to small fractures. This condition often happens in hands or knees, but it can also occur in the neck.
Joint stiffness can be caused by inflammation in the synovium, the lining of the joint. The abnormal synovial lining is the cause of many types of arthritis. The only physical expression of synovial involvement may be joint stiffness, but frequently pain, swelling, redness, and warmth also occur in the affected joint. Arthritis is not the only condition associated with joint stiffness. Other medical conditions can also cause joint stiffness, including bone diseases, cancer, joint trauma, or overuse of the joint.