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Brain lesions are areas of injury or disease in the brain. Lesions may be due to infection, tumors, exposure to certain chemicals, problems with the immune system, and demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis. Sometimes the cause is not known.
The exact mechanism by which brain atrophy occurs remains incompletely understood. Axonal loss within white matter lesions probably contributes to brain atrophy by two mechanisms: the amount of tissue lost within the lesions themselves, and Wallerian degeneration in pathways related to the lesions.