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Cells are later taken from the new sample and stained. The laboratory specialist uses a microscope to examine the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in the cell sample. The stained sample is photographed to show the arrangement of the chromosomes. This is called a karyotype. Certain problems can be identified through the number or arrangement of the chromosomes.
In order for chromosomes to be seen this way, they need to be stained. Once stained, the chromosomes look like strings with light and dark bands, and their picture can be taken. A picture, or chromosome map, of all 46 chromosomes is called a karyotype. The karyotype can help identify abnormalities in the structure or the number of chromosomes. To help identify chromosomes, the pairs have been numbered from 1 to 22, with the 23rd pair labeled X and Y..