Royal jelly, a thick, milky substance secreted by young nurse honeybees to feed a bee colonyâs larvae, most notably the queen larvae, is a rich source of nutrients, as well as acetycholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in cognitive function.
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll (2006) suggests they developed approximately 1.6â2.1 billion years ago.
In addition to the plasma membrane, eukaryotic cells contain internal membrane-bound structures called organelles. Organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are both believed to have evolved from prokaryotes that began living symbiotically within eukaryotic cells.These vital organelles are involved in metabolism and energy conversion within the cell.nd even with the evolution of more complex eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes are supremely successful. All bacteria and bacteria-like Archaea are prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells are more complex, evolving from a prokaryote-like predecessor.