The friction factor is affected by variations of fluid physical properties caused by variations in temperature and by the action of buoyancy forces. In rough channels the hydraulic resistance increases due to formation of vortices at the roughness elements leading to additional loss of flow specific energy. Three types of roughness can be distinguished: Natural roughness, which is formed as a result of long operation of pipelines.
Erosion by Glaciers. Like flowing water, flowing ice erodes the land and deposits the material elsewhere. Glaciers cause erosion in two main ways: plucking and abrasion. Both are illustrated at this link: [Insert a link to an animation showing how glaciers cause erosion by plucking and erosion.] Plucking is the process by which rocks and other sediments are picked up by a glacier.
Erosion is the displacement of solids, differing from weathering, which is a BREAKDOWN in minerals. There are 5 types of erosion: gravity, water, shoreline, ice, and wind. Gravity erosion drives the sediments downward, with rate depending on the slope of the place.Water erosion utilizes water to carry sediments away. Shoreline erosion occurs through the currents and waves of the water and also tides in both exposed and sheltered shores.Ice erosion wears away sediments with debris under glaciers similar to sandpaper on wood in a process called abrasion.ravity erosion drives the sediments downward, with rate depending on the slope of the place. Water erosion utilizes water to carry sediments away. Shoreline erosion occurs through the currents and waves of the water and also tides in both exposed and sheltered shores.