Demosthenes had five triremes and their complements of soldiers as a garrison, and was reinforced by 40 hoplites from a Messenian ship that happened to stop at Pylos.
Individual codons code for specific amino acids. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides along a DNA strand-with 'start' and 'stop' codons and other regulatory elements-that specifies a sequence of amino acids that are linked together to form a protein.
Controversies. Bacterial plasmids used in gene cloning naturally contain genes that encode some form of antibiotic resistance. As a result of the gene cloning process, the cloned genes that are put into plant cells to make a transgenic plant may also have an antibiotic resistance gene.tep 1: DNA extracted from an organism, with the gene of interest, is cut into gene-size pieces with restriction enzymes. These enzymes read the nucleotide sequence of the DNA and recognize specific sequences. The enzymes then cut the DNA sequence by breaking the bonds between nucleotides in a DNA strand.