When taking Earth as a reference point, however, the scale of magnitude fails to account for the true differences in brightness between stars. The apparent brightness, or apparent magnitude, depends on the location of the observer. Different observers will come up with a different measurement, depending on their locations and distance from the star.
Electroporation. Electroporation is a physical transfection method that uses an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in cell membranes through which substances like nucleic acids can pass into cells.
Concept Overview: When molecules in a liquid attain enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces present, the liquid evaporates. Evaporation is an endothermic process, since energy must be supplied to the liquid to allow the molecule to escape from the attractive forces of the liquid.