Meeting the Unique Needs of Vocational Programs. Vocational Studies Complete contains full-text journals and a selection of full-text books applicable to two-year college programs.
Gastroesophageal reflux is a strong risk factor for this disease. The increase in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma coincided with the introduction of medications that promote reflux by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), such as nitroglycerin, anticholinergics, Î²-adrenergic agonists, aminophyllines, and benzodiazepines.
1 Achalasia. 2  Achalasia is a condition that affects the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus, that is, the lower esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter. 3  Specifically, the peristaltic wave disappears, and the lower sphincter does not relax.