When taking Earth as a reference point, however, the scale of magnitude fails to account for the true differences in brightness between stars. The apparent brightness, or apparent magnitude, depends on the location of the observer. Different observers will come up with a different measurement, depending on their locations and distance from the star.
Electroporation. Electroporation is a physical transfection method that uses an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in cell membranes through which substances like nucleic acids can pass into cells.
Electromigration & IR drop. What is Electromigration??? Electromigration is the gradual displacement of metal atoms in a semiconductor. It occurs when the current density is high enough to cause the drift of metal ions in the direction of the electron flow, and is characterized by the ion flux density.