Meeting the Unique Needs of Vocational Programs. Vocational Studies Complete contains full-text journals and a selection of full-text books applicable to two-year college programs.
Gastroesophageal reflux is a strong risk factor for this disease. The increase in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma coincided with the introduction of medications that promote reflux by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), such as nitroglycerin, anticholinergics, Î²-adrenergic agonists, aminophyllines, and benzodiazepines.
There are two main types of esophageal spasm: 1  Diffuse esophageal spasm. This type of spasm is an irregular, uncoordinated squeezing of the muscles of the esophagus. 2  Nutcracker esophagus. This type of spasm squeezes the esophagus in a coordinated way, the same way food is moved down the esophagus normally.