Meeting the Unique Needs of Vocational Programs. Vocational Studies Complete contains full-text journals and a selection of full-text books applicable to two-year college programs.
Gastroesophageal reflux is a strong risk factor for this disease. The increase in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma coincided with the introduction of medications that promote reflux by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), such as nitroglycerin, anticholinergics, Î²-adrenergic agonists, aminophyllines, and benzodiazepines.
Early in achalasia, inflammation can be seen (when examined under the microscope) in the muscle of the lower esophagus, especially around the nerves. As the disease progresses, the nerves begin to degenerate and ultimately disappear, particularly the nerves that cause the lower esophageal sphincter to relax.