1 The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries, testicles) operate in a feedback loop, producing and maintaining the levels of sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) that are mainly responsible for the primary and secondary changes of puberty.
Calculation: Here is the formula for FIP: FIP = ((13*HR)+(3*(BB+HBP))-(2*K))/IP + constant. The constant is solely to bring FIP onto an ERA scale and is generally around 3.10. You can find historical FIP constant values here, or you can derive the constant yourself.
How Are Medicare Part B Premiums Determined? The formula for the calculation of the standard premium was developed in 1965, when Medicare first went into effect. At this time, the monthly premium for Part B was only $3.00. The current rate is determined each year, depending on the level of costs for Medicare expenses in the previous year. The official formula for determining Part B premiums was established by Congress decades ago.