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Speciation, the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. Speciation involves the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages.
This could produce a number of individuals that have a mutation that would make them unable to deal with life in that environment. Or the same change would allow them to do exceedingly well. This mutation would, over a very long time, produce a different species. Speciation that results when a population is separated by a physical barrier is allopatric speciation. Sympatric speciation is speciation that occurs without physical separation of members of the population. Some examples of sympatric changes occurred long ago when people live in small villages.