The first immunizations for tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (the DTaP shots) start when kids are only 2 months old (definitely no earlier than 6 weeks). Adolescents get a booster Tdap shot at around 11-12 years (if they miss it, it's OK for them to get Tdap between 13-18 years). Adults should get a Tdap shot for one of their tetanus boosters. The others will all be Td shots. Remember, you need a tetanus booster every 10 years. If you are over 65 years old you might not need the Tdap shot, but you can still get one.
Economies of Scale and Scope Definition. Economies of scale refers to the phenomenon where the average costs per unit of output decrease with the increase in the scale or magnitude of the output being produced by a firm. Economies of scope exist when it is cheaper to produce two products together (joint production) than to produce them separately (OECD, 2008).
The personal consumption expenditure (PCE) measure is the component statistic for consumption in gross domestic product (GDP) collected by the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The scope effect accounts for conceptual differences between the two indexes. 2  PCE measures spending by and on behalf of the personal sector, which includes both households and nonprofit institutions serving households; the CPI measures out-of-pocket spending by households.