Vasopressin has three main effects: 1  Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., antidiuresis.
Some of the complications of gastroparesis include: 1  Food that stays in the stomach too long can ferment, which can lead to the growth of bacteria.  Food in the stomach can harden into a solid collection, called a bezoar. Bezoars can cause obstructions in the stomach that keep food from passing into the small intestine.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which food and acids in the stomach move back up into the esophagus. This is called reflux. Stomach acid from reflux can irritate the esophagus and cause heartburn, indigestion, and trouble swallowing.