By 1998 the NHS breast screening programme had directly produced a reduction in annual mortality from breast cancer of 6-7% in women aged 55-69, although the sensitivity analysis indicated a probable range of 5-12%.ubjects: Women aged 40 to 79 years. Results: Compared with predicted mortality in the absence of screening or other effects the total reduction in mortality from breast cancer in 1998 in women aged 55-69 was estimated as 21.3%.
In the field of mathematical optimization, stochastic programming is a framework for modeling optimization problems that involve uncertainty. Whereas deterministic optimization problems are formulated with known parameters, real world problems almost invariably include some unknown parameters.
While historically usage of these terms has been inconsistent, today modular programming refers to high-level decomposition of the code of an entire program into pieces: structured programming to the low-level code use of structured control flow, and object-oriented programming to the data use of objects, a kind of data structure.