Early cases of BXO can appear similar to those of candidal balanitis or to those of one of the various penile dermatoses, such as vitiligo, scleroderma, or erythroplasia of Queyrat. Although physical findings can suggest BXO, cutaneous biopsy and histology are needed to make a definitive diagnosis (Figure 4).
The Apennines form the backbone of the country running down the full length of the Italian peninsula from the Cadibona Pass to the tip of Calabria, continuing onto the island of Sicily. The range is about 2,000 kilometres long.
Within this huge area are many sub-ranges: the Dolomites of northern Italy; the Hohe Tauern of Austria; the Bavarian Alps; the Cottian Alps, and countless others. The three highest, which together contain almost all of the 4000m giants, are the Pennine Alps on the Switzerland-Italy border, the Berner Oberland of central Switzerland, and the Mont Blanc Massif, where France, Switzerland and Italy meet.