This increases tension on the retina and can lead to a macular hole. In either case, the fluid that has replaced the shrunken vitreous can then seep through the hole onto the macula, blurring and distorting central vision. Certain Eye Conditions. Macular holes can be associated with various eye conditions.
Vaclav Havel: Dissident playwright who became the first president of the new Czech Republic. Click to follow. The Independent Online. The Czech president and playwright Vaclav Havel was the most unexpected, and most brilliant, of the new leaders who emerged from east Europe's peaceful revolutions against Communism.
Charles University is the highest ranked university in the Czech Republic, ranked 233 rd in the world and 110 th in Europe. It was established in 1348 by Emperor Charles IV and remains the countryâs largest university, with 17 faculties and more than 50,000 students. Part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of the World War I. 2  In 1918 Czechoslovakia was established, splitting into the Czech Republic and Slovakia at the end of 1992. 3  Today the Czech Republic is a parliamentary democracy.