Understanding disc osteophyte complex. Disc osteophyte complex occurs when more than one spinal vertebra or intervertebral disc is affected by osteophytes, which are more commonly referred to as bone spurs.
Undercapitalization is a situation in which a business has insufficient funds, or capital, to support its operations. Although undercapitalization can affect any business, it is particularly common and problematic for small businesses. In fact, undercapitalization is one of the warning signs of major financial trouble for small businesses, as well as a significant cause of small business failures.
The market-driven approach to correcting externalities is to  internalize  third party costs and benefits, for example, by requiring a polluter to repair any damage caused. But, in many cases internalizing costs or benefits is not feasible, especially if the true monetary values cannot be determined. negative externality (also called external cost or external diseconomy) is an economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party. It can arise either during the production or the consumption of a good or service.