Neutrophils cultured in the presence of autologous serum, IFN-Î³ and GM-CSF expresses high level of MHC class II, CD80 and CD86molecules[138]. This makesthemefï¬cientAPCs, whichare capableofinducing strong T cell immune response against antigen in a MHCclass IIârestricted manner [138].
Climate is an abiotic factor - think about how many individual abiotic factors make up something as large as a climate. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and forest fires, are also abiotic factors. These types of abiotic factors certainly have drastic effects on the ecosystems they encounter.
Biotic factors, as well as abiotic factors, have more to do with how those parts of an ecosystem affect one another than the specific living or non-living thing itself. Biotic factors in an ecosystem are the living things that affect other living things in that ecosystem. Competition, consumption, predation, parasitism, disease, even symbiosis are all ways a biotic factor could have an effect on the other creatures they encounter.