Water chiller. A water chiller is a mechanical device used to facilitate heat exchange from water to a refrigerant in a closed loop system. The refrigerant is then pumped to a location where the waste heat is transferred to the atmosphere.
Banking in the United States before creation of the Federal Reserve System was, to say the least, chaotic. Early American Banking: 1791-1863. Banking in the America of 1863 was far from easy or dependable.
Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, conceived the idea of a central bank. After the Constitution was adopted in 1789, Congress established The First Bank of the United States, giving it power to operate from 1791 until 1811 and authorizing it to issue paper bank notes.