A square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order n. Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. The entries aii form the main diagonal of a square matrix.
Encyclopedia of Africa. Author(s): The Berlin Conference of 1884â1885 marked the climax of the European competition for territory in Africa, a process commonly known as the Scramble for Africa.
The 1880s mark the beginning of the colonial period in African history. While Europeans and Africans had established relationships in a variety of settings for centuries, the 1880s mark a major turning point in European attitudes toward Africa.Three primary developments explain increased European involvement in Africa.anya-Forstner 4 (1969), for example, contended that the impetus came from the âmen on the spot.â He argued that we should focus on Europeans already in Africa to explain why Europe colonized Africa. The prime example is the actions of a small French military regiment in Senegal in the mid-19 th century.