To test data integrity, the sender of the data calculates checksum value by taking the sum of the binary data transmitted. When receiving the data, the receiver can perform the same calculation on the data and compare it with the checksum value provided by the sender.
Venusâ atmosphere is much thicker than Earthâs, preventing a clear view of the planet. Its atmosphere is dominated by carbon dioxide, and features swirling clouds of sulfuric acid. The atmosphere on Mars is also dominated by carbon dioxide, although unlike Venus, it is quite thin. Gas giants are composed of gases.
Clouds form whenever and wherever there is more water in a particular volume of the atmosphere than it can hold as vapor. The point at which air holds as much water vapor as it can without liquid water forming (condensation) is called the saturation point. When air cools, the amount of water vapor it can hold decreases. The most effective cooling process in the atmosphere is lifting. As air rises, its presssure decreases, thereby allowing it to expand and cool. With sufficient cooling, the air reaches saturation and small cloud droplets begin to form.