One advantage of the transperitoneal approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) is the familiarity of the anatomy to most urologists. An understanding of the ligaments at the upper and lateral borders of each kidney helps in colon mobilization and dissection of the upper renal poles.
polyglandular autoimmune syndrome; PGA syndrome type 1; autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type 1; autoimmune-polyendocrine-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome; Disorder Subdivisions. None; General Discussion. APS-1 is a rare and complex inherited disorder of immune-cell dysfunction with multiple autoimmunities. It presents as a constellation of symptoms and side-effects with potentially life-threatening endocrine gland and gastro-intestinal
Symptoms. Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is difficult to diagnose. Often, it doesn't cause any symptoms. When it does, its symptoms and signs are very similar to those of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer symptoms can include: Dark urine; Pale stools or stools that float in the toilet; Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)