One advantage of the transperitoneal approach to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) is the familiarity of the anatomy to most urologists. An understanding of the ligaments at the upper and lateral borders of each kidney helps in colon mobilization and dissection of the upper renal poles.
polyglandular autoimmune syndrome; PGA syndrome type 1; autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type 1; autoimmune-polyendocrine-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome; Disorder Subdivisions. None; General Discussion. APS-1 is a rare and complex inherited disorder of immune-cell dysfunction with multiple autoimmunities. It presents as a constellation of symptoms and side-effects with potentially life-threatening endocrine gland and gastro-intestinal
When the cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia is another disorder, symptoms of the underlying disorder, such as swollen and tender lymph nodes and fever, may dominate. People with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria may have severe pain in the back and legs, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. The urine may be dark brown.