Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaeabacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria) while textbooks in Great Britain, India, Australia, Latin America and other countries used five kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera).
For other uses, see Placebo (disambiguation) and Placebo effect (disambiguation). The placebo effect can be produced by inert tablets, by sham surgery, and by false information, such as when electrical stimulation is turned off in those with Parkinson's disease implanted brain electrodes.
The placebo effect is the phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an inactive substance or sham treatment. A placebo is a substance with no known medical effects, such as sterile water, saline solution, or a sugar pill. A placebo is a fake treatment that in some cases can produce a very real response. The expectations of the patient play a significant role in the placebo effect; the more a person expects the treatment to work, the more likely they are to exhibit a placebo response.