An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction.
Almost 40 years separate Shirley Ann Jackson's achievement, as the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical high energy physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jedidah Isler, the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from Yale.
Guion Guy Bluford became the first black person to go into space. He was on the Space Shuttle Challenger's STS 8 mission, launched on August 30, 1983. The first black wo â¦ man was Mae Jemison.  Guion Guy Bluford was NOT the 1st Black Person in space, he WAS the 1st African-American.