Menstrual cramps are pains in a woman's lower abdomen that occur when her menstrual period begins (or just before) and may continue for two to three days. They may be throbbing or aching and can be dull or sharp. Symptoms can range in severity from a mild annoyance to severe pain that interferes with normal activities. Menstrual cramps are the leading cause of absenteeism in women younger than 30. Although over half of women who have menstrual periods experience some discomfort, 10% are temporarily disabled by symptoms.
On January 1, 1901, a federation of colonies took shape after years of discussions and planning. The Commonwealth of Australia was created as a Dominion of the British Empire, and a new nation was born. Western Australia, granted self-government in 1889 by the British, was the most reluctant participant in this new Commonwealth of Australia, but joined nevertheless.
The first inhabitants of Australia were the Aboriginal people. The history of Australia first began when the European explored the country. Marines from Spain and Portugal accosted the country in the 16th century but they were more attracted to East Africa, Asia and India. The first real explorers of Australia were the Dutch with better sailing ships and more knowledge in the wind system. The Dutch sailor Dirk Hartog was the first known sailor for having explored Australia in 1616. Before Dirk Hartog, another Dutch sailor, Willem Janszoon, discovered Australia in 1606.