An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction.
Almost 40 years separate Shirley Ann Jackson's achievement, as the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical high energy physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jedidah Isler, the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from Yale.
Angela Davis eventually became the first Black woman in her department at the University of California at Santa Cruz to receive full tenure. Presently, she is now the presidential Chairperson for the African American and Feminist Studies Departments at the University of California at Santa Cruz.