An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction.
Almost 40 years separate Shirley Ann Jackson's achievement, as the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical high energy physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jedidah Isler, the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from Yale.
Despite Dr. Garrett's beliefs, Mamie was able to work with him and received her doctorate in 1943. Mamie's second child, Hilton was born that same year. During Mamie's studies at Columbia, Mamie was the only black psychology graduate student.In addition to Dr. Garrett, the entire faculty was white. Mamie Phipps Clark was the second black person (her husband, Kenneth, was the first) and the first black woman to earn a psychology doctorate at Columbia University.espite Dr. Garrett's beliefs, Mamie was able to work with him and received her doctorate in 1943. Mamie's second child, Hilton was born that same year. During Mamie's studies at Columbia, Mamie was the only black psychology graduate student.