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Thus, a person called to testify before Congress can refuse if they believe the government could use the testimony against them in criminal proceedings. To render the protections against self-incrimination ineffective, Congress can provide immunity from criminal prosecution.
Juries can refuse to convict persons charged with contempt of Congress. To convict a citizen for failing to testify before Congress, the U.S. Department of Justice must convince a jury of guilt. Over the years, juries have refused to convict fellow Americans.