An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction.
Almost 40 years separate Shirley Ann Jackson's achievement, as the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical high energy physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jedidah Isler, the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from Yale.
Mae Jemison (born October 17, 1956) American physician and NASA astronaut known for being the first black woman to travel in space. Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 â October 28, 2003) The first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Chemistry. American inventor and engineer, best remembered for his invention of the multiple-effect evaporator. American ophthalmologist and inventor known for being the first African American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical invention.