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Thus, a person called to testify before Congress can refuse if they believe the government could use the testimony against them in criminal proceedings. To render the protections against self-incrimination ineffective, Congress can provide immunity from criminal prosecution.
President Nixon refuses to testify before the Senate Watergate Committee, and will not provide access to White House documents. Nixon invokes âexecutive privilegeâ in his denials. Weeks before, Nixon promised not to use the executive privilege claim to impede testimony or evidence (see May 22, 1973).