Menstrual cramps are pains in a woman's lower abdomen that occur when her menstrual period begins (or just before) and may continue for two to three days. They may be throbbing or aching and can be dull or sharp. Symptoms can range in severity from a mild annoyance to severe pain that interferes with normal activities. Menstrual cramps are the leading cause of absenteeism in women younger than 30. Although over half of women who have menstrual periods experience some discomfort, 10% are temporarily disabled by symptoms.
On January 1, 1901, a federation of colonies took shape after years of discussions and planning. The Commonwealth of Australia was created as a Dominion of the British Empire, and a new nation was born. Western Australia, granted self-government in 1889 by the British, was the most reluctant participant in this new Commonwealth of Australia, but joined nevertheless.
The new nation, the Commonwealth of Australia, came into being on 1 January 1901. Image 1 - NSW Premier Henry Parkes inspired the Australian colonies to think about joining as a Federation. Image 2 - Some people in New South Wales were against the idea of Federation.his has only been the case since Federation in 1901. Before Federation, Australia's six states were separate colonies, all of which were considered part of Britain. Each state operated independently and had its own defence forces, its own trade, postal and railway systems and its own immigration laws.