An era is a commonly used word for a long period of time. When used in science, for example geology, an era denotes a clearly defined period of time of arbitrary but well-defined length, such as for example the Mesozoic Era from 252 Maâ66 Ma, delimited by a start event and an end event.
As you increase voltage to the muscle describe how it responds to the increased stimulus. As the voltage was increased from threshold to maximum voltage, there was a greater force in the muscle contraction. Once the maximum voltage (2500 mv) was reached, even if there was an increase in voltage, the force of the muscle contraction remained the same.
1.3.1 Target Impedance. The target impedance is based on Ohm's law, which states that the ratio of voltage to current has to equal the impedance in the network. For a PDN, the voltage is the allowed ripple (Dv) on the power supply. The target impedance ZT (in ohms) of a PDN can then be calculated as [7] Equation 1.16. where the average current drawn by the switching circuits is assumed to be 50% of the maximum current and Vdd is the power supply voltage.