VNS causes stimulation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves and is associated with problems ranging from alteration of voice (66%), coughing (45%), pharyngitis (35%) and throat pain (28%) and hoarseness (very common) to frank laryngeal muscle spasm and upper airway obstruction (rare).
The giant manta is commonly found offshore, while the reef manta, as its name suggests, is found inshore near coral and rocky reefs. Manta rays live in the open ocean, swimming continuously through the water column instead of resting on the sea floor like other rays. Although much of their time is spent near the surface, they have been known to dive to depths of 100 feet.
Manta Ray Enemies. The Manta Ray has a few natural predators to be aware of in their environment. They are mainly bothered by sharks and killer whales that find them to be a very easy meal. As the regular foods that these predators consume continue to be depleted, the Manta Ray is a great substitute.