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The study of molecules by molecular physics and theoretical chemistry is largely based on quantum mechanics and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the hydrogen molecule-ion, H 2 + , and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the one-electron bond.
Valence electrons are the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom. You can easily determine the number of valence electrons an atom can have by looking at its Group in the periodic table. For example, atoms in Groups 1 and 2 have 1 and 2 valence electrons, respectively. Atoms in Groups 13 and 18 have 3 and 8 valence electrons, respectively. Valence electrons are responsible for the reactivity of an element. They determine how willing the elements are to bond with each other to form new compounds. If the valence shell of an element is full, such as with a noble gas, then the element does not want to gain or lose an electron.