A certified public accountant is one who has earned a license in his or her state that attests to a high degree of skill, training, and experience. In addition to passing an accounting examination, a candidate must have the proper business experience, education, and moral character in order to qualify for the license. The letters CPA are commonly used and generally recognized to be the abbreviation for the title Certified Public Accountant.
For manufactured goods, direct costs also include raw materials, labor, and production expenses. Other costs, such as transportation and advertising, are not included in COGS. To calculate COGS, beginning inventory is added to current period purchases, and ending inventory is then deducted.
Only labor used in the production of the item, overhead is not a COGS, shipping is. Samples and unsellable items are not COSG, you didn't sell them so there is no cost associated with them-they are expenses-Debit expense and Credit Inventory.