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The study of molecules by molecular physics and theoretical chemistry is largely based on quantum mechanics and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the hydrogen molecule-ion, H 2 + , and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the one-electron bond.
Not all of the electrons in an atom make chemical bonds. Most atoms form bonds using only the electrons in the outermost energy level. An electron in the outermost energy level of an atom is a valence electron. The models in Figure 3 show the valence electrons for two atoms. Figure 3 Counting Valence Electrons