Let's break this command down into parts: 1  ls is a utility. Utilities are also sometimes known as commands all on their own, because they indicate the general idea of what you want. - 2 l is a flag that alters how the utility operates.
Publisher and copyright holder are both different persons, a copy right holder is the author of a piece of art, literary works, drama, novels, story etc etc and a publisher is a person who or a publishing house who takes the copyright from the author or rights of the work and publishes it as a book or film etc etc.
Every book and artwork created before the introduction of copyright is in the public domain. In the United States copyright begins with the Constitution in 1787. Every work created before 1787 is under public domain, and every work that was copyrighted and has had its copyright expired is also under public domain.