A caliphate (Arabic: Ø®ÙÙØ§ÙØ© khilÄfa) is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph (Arabic: Ø®ÙÙÙÙØ© khalÄ«fah pronunciation (info â¢ help))âa person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn Ê¿AbdullÄh), and a leader of the entire Muslim community.
A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs. In writing, a consonant is any letter of the alphabet except a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.
Retroflex consonant. A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants, especially in Indology. Other terms occasionally encountered are domal and cacuminal.