Snellen defined standard vision as the ability to recognise a letter (âoptotypeâ) when it forms an angle of 5 arcminutes, which is âline nineâ of the letters (âoptotypesâ) on the chart at 6 metres. Hermann, Dutch ophthalmologist, 1834-1908.
In the context of the theory of Marxist revolutionary struggle, vanguardism is a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically advanced sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations in order to draw larger sections of the working class towards revolutionary politics and serve as manifestations of proletarian political power against its class enemies.
Defeatism is the acceptance of defeat without struggle, often with negative connotations. It can be linked to pessimism in psychology. The term defeatism commonly is used in politics as a descriptor for an ideological stance that considers co-operation with the opposition party. In the military context, in wartime, and especially at the front, defeatism is synonymous with treason.