Snellen defined standard vision as the ability to recognise a letter (âoptotypeâ) when it forms an angle of 5 arcminutes, which is âline nineâ of the letters (âoptotypesâ) on the chart at 6 metres. Hermann, Dutch ophthalmologist, 1834-1908.
In the context of the theory of Marxist revolutionary struggle, vanguardism is a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically advanced sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations in order to draw larger sections of the working class towards revolutionary politics and serve as manifestations of proletarian political power against its class enemies.
- 19 - What is Cosmopolitanism? i Gustavo Lins Ribeiro 1 Cosmopolitanism is a western notion that epitomizes the need social agents have to conceive of a political and cultural entity, larger than their own homeland, that would encompass all human beings on a global scale.n all these processes, many thinkers have played important roles. They held lay, religious, idealist, positivist, socialist, liberal, conservative or revolutionary positions, clearly demonstrating the plasticity and. efficacity of cosmopolitanism across political and theoretical persuasions.