What are the health effects of exposure to cold? Cooling of body parts may result in various cold injuries - nonfreezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious. Nonfreezing cold injuries include chilblain, immersion foot and trenchfoot. Frostnip and frostbite are freezing injuries. Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, the body will preserve heat by favouring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions.
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It depends in part on how efficiently the weight is carried - choosing a good backpack and using it correctly - and we'll get to that in a minute. But many of the surveyed physicians felt that carrying about 20 percent of a child's body weight on her back should be the limit. I think 15 percent of a child's weight is a good guideline for the maximum weight of a child's backpack. That would suggest that an 11-year-old who weighs 80 pounds should limit the backpack to 12 pounds. While a few more pounds probably wouldn't hurt a strong child, the bottom line is whether a given load is causing a particular child discomfort.