et al. n. abbreviation for the Latin phrase et alii meaning and others.. This is commonly used in shortening the name of a case, as in Pat Murgatroyd v. Sally Sherman, et al.. adverb and all, and everyone, and more of the same, and other parties, and other things, and others, and the rest.
Circles parallel to the Equator (lines running east and west) are parallels of latitude. They are used to measure degrees of latitude north or south of the Equator. The angular distance from the Equator to the pole is one-fourth of a circle or 90. The 48 conterminous states of the United States are located between 25 and 49 N. latitude. The arrows in figure 8-2 labeled âLATITUDEâ point to lines of latitude.
Lines joining points of the same latitude are called parallels, which trace concentric circles on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the equator. The north pole is 90Â° N; the south pole is 90Â° S. The 0Â° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems.