BACKGROUND NOISE: Essentially all neurosurgeons are spine surgeons. Our initiation into spine surgery begins at the very start of our residency, is at the very core of what we do throughout training, and remains the most common thing we do through our careers. It's been like that for most of a century.
When President Carter granted amnesty to draft evaders he was using his judicial power.
Randomization failure: the 1969 draft lottery. During the early part of the Vietnam war, males could be exempt from serving in the military (and being sent to war) by attending college. Eventually this practice was ruled unfair (to people who couldn't afford college), so the college exemption was eliminated.