et al. n. abbreviation for the Latin phrase et alii meaning and others.. This is commonly used in shortening the name of a case, as in Pat Murgatroyd v. Sally Sherman, et al.. adverb and all, and everyone, and more of the same, and other parties, and other things, and others, and the rest.
Circles parallel to the Equator (lines running east and west) are parallels of latitude. They are used to measure degrees of latitude north or south of the Equator. The angular distance from the Equator to the pole is one-fourth of a circle or 90. The 48 conterminous states of the United States are located between 25 and 49 N. latitude. The arrows in figure 8-2 labeled âLATITUDEâ point to lines of latitude.
The starting line of the parallels or lines of latitude is the Equator which is given a value of 0 degrees. From the lines of latitude extend North and South around the earth. Thus, each latitude refers to a distance north or south of the Equator(0degree). The north pole is at 90degreeN, while the South Pole is at 90degreeS. The difference between them is that: Lines of latitude are horizontal lines that extend from East to West along the globe while Longitude is vertical line which runs from North to the South pole.