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The key difference between experimental and observational study is that an experimental study is a study where the researcher has control over most of the variables. On the other hand, an observation study is a study where the researcher merely observes the subject without controlling any variables.
Experiments vs. Observational Studies In an experiment investigators apply treatments to experimental units (people, animals, plots of land, etc.) and then proceed to observe the effect of the treatments on the experimental units. In a randomized experiment investigators control the assignment of treatments to experimental units using a chance mechanism (like the flip of a coin or a computer's random number generator). 2 Experiments vs. Observational Studies (cont.) In an observational study investigators observe subjects and measure variables of interest without assigning treatments to the subjects. The treatment that each subject receives is determined beyond the control of the investigator. For example, suppose we want to study the effect of smoking on lung capacity in women. 3 Experiment