While the functional elements of MEMS are miniaturized structures, sensors, actuators, and microelectronics, the most notable (and perhaps most interesting) elements are the microsensors and microactuators.
The horse (Equus caballus) has made many dramatic and significant journeys. During the Pleistocene (Ice Age), more than 20,000 years ago, wild horses that had evolved in America migrated to the Old World, Eurasia and Africa. More than 6,000 year ago in the Volga basin of eastern Europe horses were domesticated and in the subsequent millennia spread to other parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Presently, the oldest undisputed evidence of horse domestication date back to 2,000 B.C., when horses were buried with parts of harnesses and chariots. A report published March 2009 suggested the Botai culture of Kazakhstan had domesticated horses as beasts of burden and to use their milk as a food source around 3500 B.C.