Lack of control of the environment is often pinpointed as a cause of frustration and stress in confined animals. When the animal cannot control things, such as the feeding time or the lighting program, and when it cannot escape from things it finds unpleasant, it often behaves in a manner that indicates frustration.
Cavitation can also cause excessive pump vibration, which could damage pump bearings, wearing rings, and seals. A small number of centrifugal pumps are designed to operate under conditions where cavitation is unavoidable.
Extent of the pressure losses in pipes and elbows between the valve and, for example, a vessel at constant pressure, influences valve outlet pressure and, hence, flow status. Either flashing or cavitation can exist when the operating point is near the sharp transition from cavitation to flashing at xF = 1.n case of flashing or two-phase flow, it is imperative that a sufficiently large nominal valve size be selected to limit average flow velocity on the downstream side of the valve, thus minimising the problems described in the section on cavitation and flashing.