Foods that have roughly the same number of calories from fats, calories, and protein will be found closer to the center of the pyramid. Read more about the Caloric Ratio Pyramid. Caloric Ratio Pyramid for Grapefruit, raw, pink and red, all areas. This feature requires Flash player to be installed in your browser.
Causes of Pleural Thickening. Pleural thickening is a condition of the lungs that is most often caused by the long term exposure and inhalation of asbestos particles which then settle on the pleura, or pleural membrane (the thin area surrounding the lungs) causing the area to thicken, calcify and/or scar.
Lung carcinoma is the leading cause of malignant pleural effusions. Malignant effusions are observed in 7 to 15% of all bronchogenic carcinomas at some time during the course of the illness (2, 3, 13, 169). Effusions occur with all histologic types, most frequently with adenocarcinoma (12, 87).pproximately 10% of malignant pleural effusions are due to lymphoma. According to reports in the early 1940s, in Hodgkin's disease, pleural effusions develop in 16% of patients, pleural thickening in 7%; the figures were, respectively, 15 and 11% in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 2 and 4% in leukemia (11).