Graphene is the only form of carbon (or solid material) in which every atom is available for chemical reaction from two sides (due to the 2D structure). Atoms at the edges of a graphene sheet have special chemical reactivity. Graphene has the highest ratio of edge atoms of any allotrope. Defects within a sheet increase its chemical reactivity.
Proton therapy or proton beam therapy is a medical procedure, a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer.roton therapy's chief advantage over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that as a charged particle the dose is deposited over a narrow range and there is minimal exit dose.
A proton is a positively charged particle. At high energy, protons can destroy cancer cells. Doctors may use proton therapy alone, or they may combine it with standard radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and/or immunotherapy.fter the protons reach the desired place in the body, they deposit the specified radiation dose in the tumor. With proton therapy, there is no radiation dose beyond the tumor. In contrast, x-rays continue to deposit radiation doses as they exit the patient's body.