Doped fiber amplifiers (DFA): Use a doped optical fiber medium for boosting signals in a similar manner to fiber lasers. The signal requiring amplification, along with a pump laser, is multiplexed in a doped fiber medium and intersects with doping ions.
Nationalisation (an alternative spelling is nationalization) is the process of taking a private industry or private assets into public ownership by a national government or state.n this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists and redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, as a precursor to the long-term goals of establishing worker-management and reorganizing production toward use.
Indigenization is the act of making something more native; transformation of some service, idea, etc. to suit a local culture, especially through the use of more indigenous people in administration, employment, etc. The term is primarily used by anthropologists to describe what happens when locals take something from the outside and make it their own. In world politics, indigenization is the process in which non-Western cultures redefine their native land for better use in agriculture and mass m