Thus, the AS procedures were still compatible in factor of safety for concrete members. LF rating procedures usually assign a dead load factor of 1.3 and live load factors of 2.17 (when computing Inventory Ratings) and 1.3 (when computing Operating Ratings).
Of the three rat species found in Hawaii, the black . rat, because of its size and arboreal behavior is considered the greatest threat to native Hawaiian forest birds. Rats also compete with forest birds for food items . such as native snails, insects, fruits, and seeds. Polynesian rats first arrived in Hawai`i with the . Polynesians (approx. 400A.D.) and black and Norway rats arrived with Westerners in the 1780s. Some species of rats can swim over a mile in open water, and can tread water for up to three days. Some species of rats can travel through sewer pipes and dive through water plumbing traps.
The house mouse, roof rat, and Norway rat can reproduce year-round when adequate food, water, and harborage are available. The average female house mouse can produce up to 8 litters peryear with and average litter size of 4 to 7 pups. Rats can reproduce upto 6 times a year with litters averaging from 4 to 8 pups each. Each night, rats can travel from 100 to 300 feet from the nest insearch of food. House mice can search for food and nesting materials inan area as small as 10 feet from the nest or as far as 50 feet away.