Thus, the AS procedures were still compatible in factor of safety for concrete members. LF rating procedures usually assign a dead load factor of 1.3 and live load factors of 2.17 (when computing Inventory Ratings) and 1.3 (when computing Operating Ratings).
Of the three rat species found in Hawaii, the black . rat, because of its size and arboreal behavior is considered the greatest threat to native Hawaiian forest birds. Rats also compete with forest birds for food items . such as native snails, insects, fruits, and seeds. Polynesian rats first arrived in Hawai`i with the . Polynesians (approx. 400A.D.) and black and Norway rats arrived with Westerners in the 1780s. Some species of rats can swim over a mile in open water, and can tread water for up to three days. Some species of rats can travel through sewer pipes and dive through water plumbing traps.
In Washington, they are now found wherever humans have established permanent residence or industry. Old World rats include the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus, Fig. 1), also known as the brown rat, sewer rat, or wharf rat, and the black rat (Rattus rattus), also called the roof rat.est Sites. 1  Roof rats build nests in attics, trees, and overgrown shrubbery or vines. 2  Norway rats prefer to nest at or under ground level, and in the lower floors of buildings. 3  Rats can have several nest sites. 4  Due to their daily need to drink water, rats prefer to nest where water is easily available.