Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that noninvasively produce images of the internal aspect of the body. In this restricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as the solution of mathematical inverse problems. This means that cause (the properties of living tissue) is inferred from effect (the observed signal).
Definition. Et al. is a Latin abbreviation that means 'and others'. It's used in place of names for the purpose of saving time and space when providing in-text citations.
For the second reference, the two remaining names can be abbreviated to et al. A Quirk of Et Al. Finally, be careful of a quirk of et al., which is that it is pluralâthat is, it must replace at least two names (or, put another way, it cannot stand for only one name).