souleles also notes that while today s oil and gasoline prices are high in nominal terms they are in real terms close to or even below their 1980s peak a dollar isn t worth as much today as it was 20 years ago he says oil prices have not risen as much as people think in real termsraditionally we think of an opec supply side shock where prices go up because supply is restricted but there s a large demand component today the u s and china have increased their demand for oil and that has bid up the price
Quick Answer. Negative reinforcement is a concept in psychology's theory of operant conditioning that suggests a behavior is strengthened when a negative outcome is stopped, removed, avoided or prevented. Negative reinforcement is an effective method of strengthening a desired behavior.
1 First, a negative or aversive stimulus is used in the process, and second, the reinforcer is subtracted (i.e., negative as in a - sign for subtraction). 2  In negative reinforcement, after the response the negative reinforcer is removed which increases the frequency of the response.f added the process was either positive reinforcement or punishment. If it was subtracted, the process was either negative reinforcement or response cost. Examples. The following examples are provided to assist you in analyzing examples of operant conditioning.