Sham lesion is the name given to a control procedure during a lesion experiment. In a sham lesion, an animal may be placed in a stereotaxic apparatus and electrodes inserted as in the experimental condition, but no current is passed, and therefore damage to the tissue should be minimal.
Meteorologists often work eight to 12-hour rotating shifts so that they can cover any meteorological event. The quintessential 9 to 5 work schedule is not common for meteorologists unless they are working in an administrative position, or at a facility with limited hours.
Approximately 34 percent of atmospheric scientists are employed by the Federal Government, the majority of them work in the National Weather Service. Meteorologists must have a bachelor's degree in meteorology as minimum educational requirement, or a degree in a related field with courses in meteorology. A master's degree may be necessary for some positions. A Ph.D. degree is necessary for basic research positions.