D/E = dividends Ã· earnings, the expected long-term payout ratio. This formula requires an estimate for the long-term payout ratio (which is difficult to predict), meaning that there is a reasonable expectation that the company will start paying a dividend in the future.
Acetate fabrics are made with spun filaments of cellulose taken from wood pulp. Classified as a chemical fiber textile or semi-synthetic, acetate is sometimes mixed with silk, wool or cotton to make it stronger.
Lactate, also known as lactic acid, is a metabolic product. In animal cells it is produced by the modification of pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase. Some bacteria, such as lactobacillus, also produce it as an end-product of metabolism. However, lactate can be used by cells to regenerate other compounds via several different biochemical pathways.