Because Europe itself is a peninsula and contains many peninsulas. Apennine Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula, Crimean Peninsula, Jultand Peninsula, Scandinavian Peninsula, Peninsula of Brittany. A few small ones: Kerch Peninsulaâ¦, Attican Peninsula, Thracian Peninsula, Campanian Peninsula, Peloponnesian Peninsula.
The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission. It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which then activate the appropriate clutch pack or band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation. Planetary Gear Sets which are the mechanical systems that provide the various forward gear ratios as well as reverse. 2  The Hydraulic System which uses a special transmission fluid sent under pressure by an Oil Pump through the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the Bands in order to control the planetary gear sets.
Automatic transmissions use mainline, governor, and throttle pressure valves to control and lubricate the transmission. Some of these have been replaced or work together with electronic controls. Governor pressure increases with vehicle speed. Older transmissions had mechanical governors that consisted of springs, centrifugal weights, and a spool valve to control this pressure. Governor pressure causes a transmission to upshift and throttle pressure causes it to downshift. Todayâs transmissions use solenoids for shift timing. Throttle pressure indicates engine load. Some transmissions use a vacuum modulator or throttle linkage to control the throttle valve. Late model vehicles use electric solenoids to achieve the same results. Shift Valves: Transmissions change gears by moving shift valves. Governor pressure works on one end of the valve and throttle pressure aided by a spring works on the other.