The energy emitted from the fireball as thermal radiation. The total amount of thermal energy received per unit area at a specified distance from a nuclear explosion is generally expressed in terms of calories per square centimeter.
Colonel John M. Chivington attacked an unsuspecting village of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians camped on Sand Creek. An eyewitness testified: ...I think I saw altogether some seventy dead bodies lying there; the greater portion women and children.and Creek was a village of approximately 800 Cheyenne Indians in southeast Colorado. Black Kettle, the local chief, had approached a United States Army fort seeking protection for his people.
Two Civil War battles were fought at Cabin Creek--both were Confederate raids on Union supply wagon trains moving from Fort Scott toward Fort Gibson. On July 1-2, 1863, Stand Watie and the Confederates failed to stop the wagon train as it crossed Cabin Creek about 10 miles south of what is today Vinita. It was one of the first battles in which African-Americans fought as a unit west of the Mississippi River.