Emergency contraceptive pills are very safe to use. Side effects, if they occur at all, are usually short-term and mild. Nausea has been reported in about 18%, or 18 out of 100 women using levonorgestrel emergency contraception. Vomiting may also occur in about 4% of women.
Gambling is a good example of speculative risk. Gambling involves deliberate creation of risk in the expectation of making a gain. There is also the possibility of sustaining a loss. A person betting $500 on the outcome of the next weekend English Premier League Match faces both the possibility of loss and of gain and of no loss, no gain.
Loss aversion. In economics and decision theory, loss aversion refers to people's tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Some studies suggest that losses are twice as powerful, psychologically, as gains. Loss aversion was first convincingly demonstrated by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman. This leads to risk aversion when people evaluate a possible gain; since people prefer avoiding losses to making gains.