5.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the carbon cycle to show the processes involved. 5.2.2 Analyse the changes in concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide using historical records. 5.2.3 Explain the relationship between rises in concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane and oxides of nitrogen and the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Choledochal cysts are congenital conditions associated with benign cystic dilatation of bile ducts. They are uncommon in western countries but not as rare in East Asian nations like Japan and China.
Choledocholithotomy, or common bile duct exploration, is used to remove large stones or in cases when the duct anatomy is complex. In this procedure, the doctor carries out open abdominal surgery and extracts gallstones through an incision in the common bile duct.