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O. volvulus is transmitted by sandflies, and their role in the transmission of onchocerciasis was discovered by the Scottish parasitologist Breadablane Blacklock in Sierra Leone in the mid-1920s (19). There are accounts of the history of onchocerciasis by Grove (105) and Muller (192).
A tropical parasitic disease, mainly of West Africa, caused by the microfilarial worm Onchocerca volvulus . The filarial forms of the worm are spread by the biting blackfly Simulium damnosum , which breeds only in turbulent rivers-hence the alternative term river blindness. Onchocerciasis causes lumps or nodules under the skin, each containing at least one male and one female adult worm.