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The vertebral and basilar arteries supply blood to several structures in the brain including: the occipital cortex, the brainstem consisting of the midbrain, pons and medulla, the cerebellum and the thalamus. Atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries is the primary cause of vertebrobasilar disease. The narrowing of the vertebral or basilar arteries caused by atherosclerosis creates vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI), or an insufficient delivery of blood flow to the posterior structures of the brain.
Both vertebral arteries, the one on the left and the other on the right, rise up from the subclavian arteries on a path parallel to the carotid artery. Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries merge to form the basilar artery, which is among the arteries supplying blood to the brain.