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It is named after John Langdon Down, the British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866. Some aspects of the condition were described earlier by Jean-Ãtienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Ãdouard SÃ©guin in 1844. In 1957, the genetic cause of Down syndrome, an extra copy of chromosome 21, was discovered.
In the 18th century surgery did make some progress. The famous 18th century surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) is sometimes called the Father of Modern Surgery. He invented new procedures such as tracheotomy. In 1792 a Frenchman named Dominique-Jean Larrey created the first ambulance service for wounded men. Surgery in the 19th Century