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O. volvulus is transmitted by sandflies, and their role in the transmission of onchocerciasis was discovered by the Scottish parasitologist Breadablane Blacklock in Sierra Leone in the mid-1920s (19). There are accounts of the history of onchocerciasis by Grove (105) and Muller (192).
It is estimated that some 30 million people in Africa suffer from onchocerciasis, up to 1 million being blind. Infections have also been recorded in higher primates, chimpanzees and gorillas. Other Onchocerca spp. infect domestic animals, eight species having been described in cattle and two in horses.