From this graph, Fujita then released the following descriptions for the F-Scale http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html. Over the years, the F-Scale has revealed the following weaknesses: 1  It is subjective based solely on the. 2  caused by a tornado.
9 Answers. The empty weight is the weight of the airplane including anything that is permanently attached to it and includes any un-drainable fluids. There is a maximum gross weight for takeoff and on larger aircraft there may be a maximum landing weight. The useful load is the difference between the maximum gross weight and the empty weight. To the empty weight, you have to add the fuel, oil, any other fluids, pilot and passengers, and baggage.
Commercial airplane models over time by percentage of composite. The Boeing 787 is the first mostly composite large transport airplane in commercial service. The Boeing 787 is about 50 percent composite by weight (excluding the engines). It will carry 210-290 passengers on routes of 7650 NM to 8500 NM.rior to the mid-1980s, airplane manufacturers used composite materials in transport category airplanes in secondary structures (e.g., wing edges) and control surfaces.