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O. volvulus is transmitted by sandflies, and their role in the transmission of onchocerciasis was discovered by the Scottish parasitologist Breadablane Blacklock in Sierra Leone in the mid-1920s (19). There are accounts of the history of onchocerciasis by Grove (105) and Muller (192).
Onchocerciasis is an eye and skin infection caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected blackfly (genus Simulium). Because the insect that spreads the disease breeds and lives near fast-flowing rivers and streams, onchocerciasis is also known as river blindness.