Practice the following: Assume the entity is using U.S. GAAP, accrual-basis accounting. For each of the following independent situations, determine the effect of that transaction on: net income; cash; total assets; total liabilities. Complete the primer exercise by filling in the chart, showing in each area either I (increase), D (decrease), or NE (no effect). Do not leave any area blank!
surrogate variable. surrogate variable. A variable in a clinical trial that provides an indirect measure of efficacy in situations where direct measure of a clinical effect is not possible or practical.
A moderation analysis is an exercise of external validity in that the question is how universal is the causal effect. A key part of moderation is the measurement of X to Y causal relationship for different values of M. We refer to the effect of X on Y for a given value of M as the simple effect X on Y.