Inmates' Eighth Amendment challenges to punishment and confinement conditions are typically brought in connection with federal civil rights laws, including 42 U.S. Code, Section 1983, and the Prison Litigation Reform Act.
Thus we can see that the translation of the Arabic word Masjid, into English becomes mosque. A mosque is a house of prayer, and a place of prostration. It is a building designed and built specifically for the worship of Allah. It is where Muslims stand shoulder to shoulder, united in their love for God and their desire to please Him.
Making the world better, one answer at a time. The English term 'caliph' means the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth.Hint on the answer above: In Islam religion, no one who ever, even prophets, is considered representative of Allah (God in English) on earth.Otherwise, the caliph could not be debated and his sayings and doings should be accepted blindly, This is against Islam teachings and basic principles.aliph refers to a Muslim civil and religious ruler, widely viewed  as the successor of Muhammad. Edit. Share to: aslam gondal. 4,936 Contributions. I am a retired professor of English. I am supervising Hajj and Emaan categories.