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Altogether 786 isolates from time interval 2008-2010 were grouped into 90 PCR ribotypes and eleven of them were shared among all host types and the environment. Ribotypes that were most common in humans were also present in water and different animals (014/020, 002, 029). Interestingly, non-toxigenic isolates were very common in the environment (30.8%) in comparison to humans (6.5%) and animals (7.7%). A high degree of similarity was observed for human and animal isolates with PFGE.
Both general environmental variance and genotype by environment interaction are aspects of a characteristic known as phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is a change in the phenotype associated with a given genotype in response to different environmental conditions. Some researchers believe that genotype by environment interaction provides the best estimate of the potential for phenotypic plasticity to evolve.