1 A header with your last name and page number 1/2 inch from the top-right of each page. 2  The entire research paper is double-spaced. 3  Your name, name of professor, course title, and due date of paper on the first page. 4  Your research paper title is centered.
Benthos are the organisms that live in the benthic zone, and are different from those elsewhere in the water column. Many are adapted to live on the substrate (bottom). In their habitats they can be considered as dominant creatures, but they are often a source of prey for Carcharhinidae such as the lemon shark.
The ecology of the abyssal benthos features very slow rates of decay, slow metabolism in all animals, which translates into slow growth, slow reproduction, and very long life. Many kinds of animals have succeeded in adapting to these conditions.Some are bottom-feeding, or demersal fish.Many live on the seafloor surface, and either eat each other or live on the very slim pickings that slowly fall down from the surface--dead plankton, dead algae, mostly microscopic. Many meiofauna do well by eating protozoans, which in turn eat bacteria.Most abyssal animals are hungry.he ecology of the abyssal benthos features very slow rates of decay, slow metabolism in all animals, which translates into slow growth, slow reproduction, and very long life. Many kinds of animals have succeeded in adapting to these conditions.