Size: 0.19 in. Where it lives: Pavement ants most often nest under bricks or pavement, but they are also found in grassy areas near sidewalks and even in extreme environments, like salt marshes. What it eats: Ultimate opportunists, pavement ants eat anything from dead insects to honeydew, a sugary food leaf hoppers produce.
confound - be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly; These questions confuse even the experts; This question completely threw me; This question befuddled even the teacher
Bias: A systematic error in the design, recruitment, data collection or analysis that results in a mistaken estimation of the true effect of the exposure and the outcome. Confounding: A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by the presence of another variable. Positive confounding (when the observed association is biased away from the null) and negative confounding (when the observed association is biased toward the null) both occur. Confounder: an extraneous variable that wholly or partially accounts for the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status..