Cervical spine fractures can occur secondary to exaggerated flexion or extension, or because of direct trauma or axial loading. Pathology. The cervical spine is susceptible to injury because it is highly mobile with relatively small vertebral bodies and supports the head which is both heavy and acts as a lever.
The inactive molecule pepsinogen is cleaved in a strongly acidic environment to give off the active enzyme, pepsin. Pepsinogen is produced in the stomach by chief cells.
1 Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin. 2  Pepsin breaks down the protein in the food into smaller particles, such as peptide fragments and amino acids. 3  Protein digestion, therefore, first starts in the stomach, unlike carbohydrate and lipids, which start their digestion in the mouth. Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme. 2  It is produced by the stomach cells called chief cells in its inactive form pepsinogen, which is a zymogen. 3  Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin.