1 The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries, testicles) operate in a feedback loop, producing and maintaining the levels of sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) that are mainly responsible for the primary and secondary changes of puberty.
Calculation: Here is the formula for FIP: FIP = ((13*HR)+(3*(BB+HBP))-(2*K))/IP + constant. The constant is solely to bring FIP onto an ERA scale and is generally around 3.10. You can find historical FIP constant values here, or you can derive the constant yourself.
Given a probability distribution of returns, the expected return can be calculated using the following equation: where. 1  E[R] = the expected return on the stock, 2  N = the number of states, 3  pi = the probability of state i, and.  Ri = the return on the stock in state i.