1 For patients covered by health insurance, out-of-pocket cost for an emergency room visit typically consists of a copay, usually $50-$150 or more, which often is waived if the patient is admitted to the hospital. 2  Depending on the plan, costs might include coinsurance of 10% to 50%.
Reading 1 Federalism What is federalism? Federalism is a system of government in which power is distributed or diffused between a central government and smaller political units. In the United States, there are three basic levels of government: federal, state and local.
Dual federalism is the political theory that two different governments share sovereign power over a certain region or people. Generally this is the concept of balancing the scales of power between a large, sweeping government and a more local, centralized one. Usually, this involves some sort of federal authority and a state regime. The theory works as a type of check to ensure corruption does not impact either government. Rather than a form of cooperation, dual federalism is designed to create tension between the two forces. While the federal government mandates certain rules that cover a multitude of smaller governments, the state or local authority is responsible for nearly everything else.