Fortification. 1  a broad elevation or mound of earth raised as a fortification around a place and usually capped with a stone or earth parapet. 2  such an elevation together with the parapet.
A value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax levied on products at every point of sale where value has been added, starting from raw materials and going all the way to final retail purchase by a consumer. Ultimately, the consumer pays VAT; buyers earlier in the chain of production receive reimbursements for previous VAT taxes paid.
Value added tax, or VAT, is the tax you have to pay when you buy goods or services. There are various items for which you do not have to pay any VAT, such as most food, children's clothing, newspapers and magazines.The standard rate of VAT rose from 17.5% to 20% on 4 January 2011, which is still not high by EU standards.here are three bands of VAT: zero, 5% and 20%. Many regular purchases such as food and children's clothing are zero-rated. Domestic fuel and wind-turbine installation are 5%. Other things like hot take-aways and televisions are 20%. The government has raised the standard VAT rate to 20%.