Calculate the reflectance for specific conditions. For example, say that a polished gold surface subjected to direct radiation with a wavelength of 480 nanometers reflects about 60 percent of that radiation. In this case, the reflectance would be q(y) = (Gr(y)/Gi(y))^2 = .6^2 = .36, or about 36 percent.
axial skeleton - the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs. breastbone, sternum - the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs. skull - the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates.
An understanding of the detailed osteology and arthrology of the axial skeleton is crucial to an appreciation of the associated pathomechanics, as well as the rationale for many clinical tests and interventions. Table 9-1 summarizes the terminology used to describe the relative location or region within the axial skeleton.