The term loss is a comprehensive one, and relative, since it does not have a limited or absolute meaning. It has been used interchangeably with damage, deprivation, and injury.In the law of insurance, a loss is the ascertained liability of the insurer, a decrease in value of resources, or an increase in liabilities.he term loss is a comprehensive one, and relative, since it does not have a limited or absolute meaning. It has been used interchangeably with damage, deprivation, and injury.
FEA Element Types. Elements fall into four major categories: 2D line elements, 2D planar elements, and 3D solid elements which are all used to define geometry; and special elements used to apply boundary conditions. For example special elements might include gap elements to specify a gap between two pieces of geometry. Spring elements are used to apply a specific spring constant at a specified node or set of nodes. Rigid elements are used to define a rigid connection to or in a model. The figures below show nodes in red and the element in translucent blue except for the beam element which is bright blue. The most common geometry elements are show below. Most FEA tools support additional element types as well as somewhat different implementations of even these common elements.
Item Analysis describes the statistical analyses which allow measurement of the effectiveness of individual test items. An understanding of the factors which govern effectiveness (and a means of measuring them) can enable us to create more effective test questions and also regulate and standardise existing tests. There are three main types of Item Analysis: Item Response Theory, Rasch Measurement and Classical Test Theory. Classical Test Theory (traditionally the main method used in the United Kingdom) utilises two main statistics-Facility and Discrimination. The main problems with Classical Test Theory are that the conclusions drawn depend very much on the sample used to collect information.