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The left diagram shows a steroid (lipid) hormone (1) entering a cell and (2) binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus, causing (3) mRNA synthesis which is the first step of protein synthesis. The right side shows protein hormones (1) binding with receptors which (2) begins a transduction pathway. The transduction pathway ends (3) with transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning. In both diagrams, a is the hormone, b is the cell membrane, c is the cytoplasm, and d is the nucleus.
By controlling protein synthesis, DNA is hugely important in directing life. Protein synthesis is a two-step process. DNA resides in the nucleus, but proteins are made in the cytoplasm. The cell copies the information held in DNA onto RNA molecules in a process called transcription.Proteins are synthesized at the ribosomes from the codes in RNA in a process called translation.Before getting into the way that the information on DNA can be transcribed and then translated into protein, we have to spend some time studying the major players in the process: DNA and RNA.y controlling protein synthesis, DNA is hugely important in directing life. Protein synthesis is a two-step process. DNA resides in the nucleus, but proteins are made in the cytoplasm. The cell copies the information held in DNA onto RNA molecules in a process called transcription.