Nicotinic receptor activation causes the opening of the channel formed by the receptor. This increases the Na+ movement into the target cell, leading to depolarization and generation of the action potential. This rapidly developing change, termed a fast EPSP, is illustrated in Figures 4.3, and 6.2.
Just like red pepper, black pepper has a thermogenic effect when ingested. The spice stimulates your metabolism and thus temporarily increases body heat. A higher basal metabolic rate means higher energy expenditure or more calories burned.
The health effects of caffeine have been extensively studied. Caffeine competitively inhibits different adenosine receptors, thereby producing mild central nervous system stimulant effects. Short term side effects such as headache, nausea, and anxiety have been shown as symptoms of mild caffeine consumption.