For cultural reasons, enumerating the precise number of females has been difficult--and estimates of the percentage of females in the population range from 47.5 percent in the 1981 census to 48.3 percent in the 1987-88 Labour Force Survey.
Substrate (printing) Substrate is a term used in a converting process such as printing or coating to generally describe the base material onto which, e.g. images, will be printed. Base materials may include: plastic films or foils, release liner.
Photoengraving: Photoengraving, any of several processes for producing printing plates by photographic means. In general, a plate coated with a photosensitive substance is exposed to an image, usually on film; the plate is then treated in various ways, depending upon whether it is to be used in a relief (letterpress) or an intaglio (gravure) printing process.