Skins come from calves, foals, sheep, goats, and other small animals (young camels and seals). Hides are the skins of cattle, horses, donkeys, camels, deer, elk, walruses, and whales. Pigskin raw materials are the skins of domestic and wild swine. In addition to these most important types of leather raw materials, the skins of reptiles (crocodiles, lizards, and snakes) and fish (wolf-fish, cod, burbot, sheatfish, dog salmon, giant sturgeon, and shark) are also used.
If x-rays are normal, an MRI or bone scan is a more accurate way of diagnosing a stress fracture. The area where stress fractures of the hip occur is called the femoral neck. This is where the hip joint connects to the femur (the thigh bone).
A fracture is a break in a bone. Most involve a single, significant force applied to normal bone. In a closed fracture, the overlying skin is intact. In an open fracture, the overlying skin is disrupted and the broken bone is in communication with the environment. Pathologic fractures occur when mild or minimal force fractures an area of bone weakened by a disorder (eg, osteoporosis, cancer, infection, bone cyst). When the disorder is osteoporosis, they are often called insufficiency or fragility fractures.