Nicotinic receptor activation causes the opening of the channel formed by the receptor. This increases the Na+ movement into the target cell, leading to depolarization and generation of the action potential. This rapidly developing change, termed a fast EPSP, is illustrated in Figures 4.3, and 6.2.
Just like red pepper, black pepper has a thermogenic effect when ingested. The spice stimulates your metabolism and thus temporarily increases body heat. A higher basal metabolic rate means higher energy expenditure or more calories burned.
Thrips can be a bit tricky to deal with, since some types are pests but others are beneficial, eating mites and small insects. Signs of harmful thrips on your peppers are speckled leaves, usually white, silver or brown, leaves that are deformed or seem gummy in texture, or blooms that never open.