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The left diagram shows a steroid (lipid) hormone (1) entering a cell and (2) binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus, causing (3) mRNA synthesis which is the first step of protein synthesis. The right side shows protein hormones (1) binding with receptors which (2) begins a transduction pathway. The transduction pathway ends (3) with transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning. In both diagrams, a is the hormone, b is the cell membrane, c is the cytoplasm, and d is the nucleus.
Since protein synthesis (translation) begins at the 5â² end of mRNA, protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells can begin while transcription is still under way, increasing the speed with which the organism responds to changes in its environment. Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Protein Synthesis; Ribonucleic Acid.