Peloponnesian War. Introduction. Athens and Sparta, both powerful Greek city-states, had fought as allies in the Greco-Persian Wars between 499 and 449 B.C. In the wake of the Persian retreat, however, Athens grew more powerful and tensions rose, escalating into nearly three decades of war.
READING GUIDE TO: the chapter on Rousseau, Althusser L (1972) Politics and History, Part 2, New Left Books: London. Here, Althusser argues that ideology is a theoretical practice, which is locked in a problematic which defines both problems and solutions.
Altruism. 1  In evolutionary biology, altruism is defined as behavior that benefits other organisms but has some costs. 2  The costs and benefits are measured in terms of reproductive fitness (i.e. expected number of offspring). In evolutionary biology, altruism is defined as behavior that benefits other organisms but has some costs.