For cultural reasons, enumerating the precise number of females has been difficult--and estimates of the percentage of females in the population range from 47.5 percent in the 1981 census to 48.3 percent in the 1987-88 Labour Force Survey.
Substrate (printing) Substrate is a term used in a converting process such as printing or coating to generally describe the base material onto which, e.g. images, will be printed. Base materials may include: plastic films or foils, release liner.
Other materials used as substrates for copper include: concrete, brick, masonry units, terra cotta, and stucco. The guidelines discussed above apply to these materials as well. Smooth, dry surfaces, compatibility with copper, and provision for fasteners are all required for an acceptable substrate.